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19-1636; Rev 0; 2/00
MAX1717 Evaluation Kit
General Description
The MAX1717 evaluation kit (EV kit) demonstrates a high-power, dynamically adjustable notebook CPU application circuit. The MAX1717 DC-DC converter steps down high-voltage batteries and/or AC adapters, generating a precision, low-voltage CPU core VCC rail. The MAX1717 EV kit meets the Intel mobile Pentium(R) III CPU's transient voltage specification by using voltage positioning to minimize output capacitor requirements. This fully assembled and tested circuit board provides a digitally adjustable 0.925V to 2V output voltage from a 7V to 24V battery input range. It delivers up to 12A output current with 14.1A peak current. The EV kit operates at 300kHz switching frequency and has superior line- and load-transient response. Output slew-rate control minimizes battery and inductor surge currents. With its precision timer circuit, the MAX1717's output voltage slew rate can be tailored to a given application, providing "just-in-time" arrival at the new DAC setting. o Voltage-Positioned Output o Lowest Output Capacitor Count (4) o Reduces CPU Power Consumption o Fast-Response Quick-PWMTM Architecture o 7V to 24V Input Voltage Range o 0.925V to 2V Output Voltage Range o 12A Load-Current Capability (14.1A peak) o Controlled Input Surge Current During Output Transition o 300kHz Switching Frequency o No Current-Sense Resistor o VGATE Power-Good/Transition-Complete Indicator o 24-Pin QSOP Package o Low-Profile Components o Fully Assembled and Tested
Features
o High Speed, Accuracy, and Efficiency
Evaluates: MAX1717
Ordering Information
PART MAX1717EVKIT TEMP. RANGE 0C to +70C IC PACKAGE 24 QSOP
Component List
DESIGNATION QTY C1-C4, C20 5 DESCRIPTION 10F, 25V ceramic capacitors (1812) Taiyo Yuden TMK432BJ106KM or Tokin C34Y5U1E106Z 220F, 2.5V, 15m low-ESR specialty polymer capacitors Panasonic EEFUE0E221R or 470F, 6.3V, 30m low-ESR tantalum capacitors Kemet T510X477M006AS 10F, 6.3V ceramic capacitor Taiyo Yuden JMK325BJ106MN 0.1F ceramic capacitor (1206) 0.22F ceramic capacitors (1206) Not installed 470pF ceramic capacitor (1206) 1F ceramic capacitor (1206) 4700pF ceramic capacitors (0805) N1 1 L1 1 DESIGNATION QTY C18 D1 1 1 DESCRIPTION 1000pF ceramic capacitor (0805) 2A Schottky diode International Rectifier 10MQ040 or STMicroelectronics STPS2L25U 100mA Schottky diode Central Semiconductor CMPSH-3 200mA switching diode Central Semiconductor CMPD2838 Scope-probe jack Berg Electronics 33JR135-1 2-pin headers 1H power inductor Sumida CEP125-1R0MC or Panasonic ETQP6F1R1BFA N-channel MOSFET (SO-8) International Rectifier IRF7811 or IRF 7811A
C5, C6, C7 or C5, C6, C7, C10
3 or 4
D2 D3 J1
1 1 1 10
C8 C9 C11, C12 C13, C21, C22 C14 C15 C17, C19, C23, C24, C25
1 1 2 0 1 1 5
JUA0-JUA4, JUB0-JUB4
Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corp. Quick-PWM is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products. ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1
For free samples and the latest literature, visit www.maxim-ic.com or phone 1-800-998-8800. For small orders, phone 1-800-835-8769.
MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
Component List (continued)
DESIGNATION QTY N2, N3 R1 2 1 DESCRIPTION N-channel MOSFETs (SO-8) International Rectifier IRF7805 or IRF 7811 or IRF 7811A 20 5% resistor (0805) 100k 5% resistors (0805) 100 5% resistor (0805) 0.005 1%, 1W resistor (2512) Dale WSL-2512-R005F 10k 5% resistor (0805) 120k 5% resistor (0805) 20k 5% resistor (0805) 300k 5% resistor (0805) 200k 5% resistor (0805) 24.9k 1% resistor (0805) 27.4k 1% resistor (0805) 2k 1% resistor (0805) 160k 5% resistor (0805) DIP-6 dip switch MAX1717EEG (24-pin QSOP) Shunts MAX1717 PC board MAX1717 data sheet MAX1717 EV kit data sheet SUPPLIER Central Semiconductor Dale-Vishay International Rectifier Kemet Panasonic Sanyo Sumida Taiyo Yuden Tokin
Component Suppliers
PHONE 516-435-1110 402-564-3131 310-322-3331 408-986-0424 714-373-7939 619-661-6322 847-956-0666 408-573-4150 408-432-8020 FAX 516-435-1824 402-563-6418 310-322-3332 408-986-1442 714-373-7183 619-661-1055 847-956-0702 408-573-4159 408-434-0375
R2-R6, R9, R10, 12 R22-R26 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 SW1 U1 None None None None 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1
Note: Please indicate that you are using the MAX1717 when contacting these component suppliers.
D4-D0 are set to a 1.35V output for the A-mode configuration through installed jumpers JUA4 and JUA1, and to a 1.6V output for the B-mode configuration through installed jumpers JUB0, JUB1, JUB2, and JUB4. 3) Turn on the battery power before turning on the +5V bias power; otherwise, the output UVLO timer will time out and the FAULT latch will be set, disabling the regulator until +5V power is cycled or shutdown is toggled. 4) Observe the output with the DMM and/or oscilloscope. Look at the LX switching-node and MOSFET gate-drive signals while varying the load current. 5) Toggle the A/B switch and observe the output voltage transition to the new 1.6V setting. Note: When driving A/B with the dip switch, the transition may take longer than expected due to switch bounce.
Recommended Equipment
* 7V to 24V, >20W power supply, battery, or notebook AC adapter * DC bias power supply, 5V at 100mA * Dummy load capable of sinking 14.1A * Digital multimeter (DMM) * 100MHz dual-trace oscilloscope
Detailed Description
This 12A buck-regulator design is optimized for a 300kHz frequency and output voltage settings around 1.35V to 1.6V. At lower output voltages, transient response degrades slightly and efficiency worsens. At higher output voltages (approaching 2V), output ripple increases. At VOUT = 1.6V, inductor ripple is approximately 30%, with a resulting pulse-skipping threshold at roughly ILOAD = 2A.
Quick Start
1) Ensure that the circuit is connected correctly to the supplies and dummy load prior to applying any power. 2) Set switches SW1-A (SHDN), SW1-B (SKIP), and SW1-C (A/B) to the on position. This configures the EV kit for automatic pulse-skipping operation with the internal mux in A mode. The DAC code settings
Setting the Output Voltage
The MAX1717 uses an internal 5-bit DAC as well as a unique, proprietary, internal multiplexer that allows two
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit
different 5-bit codes to be entered using only five pins. The output voltage can be digitally set from 0.925V to 2V (Table 1). There are three different ways of setting the output voltage: * Drive the external VID0-VID4 inputs (no jumpers installed). The output voltage can be set by driving VID0-VID4 with open-drain drivers or 3V/5V CMOS output logic levels (internal multiplexer must be in Amode configuration A/B = high). * Install jumpers JUA0-JUA4 (A-mode configuration: SW1-C ON, A/B = high). When JUA0-JUA4 are not installed, the MAX1717's D0-D4 inputs are at logic 1 (connected to VCC). When JUA0-JUA4 are installed, D0-D4 inputs are at logic 0 (connected to GND). In the A-mode configuration, the output voltage can be changed during operation by installing and removing jumpers JUA0-JUA4. As shipped, the EV kit is configured for operation in A mode with jumpers JUA0-JUA4 set for a 1.35V output (Table 1). * Install jumpers JUB0-JUB4 (B-mode configuration: SW1-C OFF, A/B = low). When JUB0-JUB4 are not installed, a 100k resistor is in series with each of the D0-D4 inputs, making them a logic 1 in B mode. When JUB0-JUB4 are installed, the 100k resistors are shorted, making D0-D4 logic 0 in B mode. As shipped, the EV kit is configured for operation in B mode with jumpers JUB0-JUB4 set for 1.6V output (Table 1). While in the B-mode configuration, the output voltage cannot be changed. A/B, SHDN, or VBIAS must be cycled to reread the B-mode setting. Refer to the MAX1717 data sheet for more information.
Evaluates: MAX1717
Table 1. MAX1717 Output Voltage Adjustment Settings
D4 JUA4 JUB4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D3 JUA3 JUB3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D2 JUA2 JUB2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 D1 JUA1 JUB1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D0 JUA0 JUB0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.30 Shutdown 1.275 1.250 1.225 1.200 1.175 1.150 1.125 1.100 1.075 1.050 1.025 1.000 0.975 0.950 0.925 Shutdown
Voltage Positioning
The MAX1717 EV kit meets the Intel Mobile Pentium III CPU's transient voltage specification by using voltage positioning to minimize output capacitor requirements. The output voltage is initially set slightly high (1.25%), then allowed to regulate lower as the load current increases. R20 and R21 set the initial output voltage 23mV high, and R12 (5m) causes the output voltage to drop with increasing load (60mV or about 4% of 1.6V at 12A). Setting the output voltage high allows a larger step down when the output current suddenly increases. Regulating at the lower output voltage under load allows a larger step up when the output current suddenly decreases. Allowing a larger step size means that the output capacitance can be reduced and the capacitor's ESR can be increased. If voltage positioning is not used, one additional output capacitor is required to meet the same transient specification.
Note: Shunts installed on jumpers JUA0-JUA4, JUB0-JUB4 = logic 0.
An additional benefit of voltage positioning is reduced power consumption at high load currents. Because the output voltage is lower under load, the CPU draws less current. The result is lower power dissipation in the CPU, though some extra power is dissipated in R12. For
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
a nominal 1.6V, 12A output, reducing the output voltage 2.6% (1.4% - 4%) gives an output voltage of 1.56V and an output current of 11.69A. Given these values, CPU power consumption is reduced from 19.2W to 18.23W. The additional power consumption of R12 is 0.68W, and the overall power savings is as follows: 19.2 - (18.23 + 0.68) = 0.3W In effect, 1W of CPU dissipation is saved and the power supply dissipates much of the savings, but both the net savings and the transfer of dissipation away from the hot CPU are beneficial. After obtaining the actual, accurate efficiency data, there is still some work remaining before an accurate assessment of a voltage-positioned circuit can be made. As discussed in the Voltage Positioning section, a voltage-positioned power supply can dissipate additional power while reducing overall system power consumption. For this reason, we use the concept of effective efficiency, which allows the direct comparison of a positioned and nonpositioned circuit's efficiency. Effective efficiency is defined as the efficiency required of a nonvoltage-positioned circuit to equal the total dissipation of a voltage-positioned circuit for a given CPU operating condition. Calculate effective efficiency as follows: 1) Start with the efficiency data for the positioned circuit (VIN, IIN, VOUT, IOUT). 2) Calculate the load resistance for each VOUT, IOUT data point: RLOAD = VOUT / IOUT 3) Calculate the output current that would exist for each RLOAD data point in a nonpositioned application: INP = VNP / RLOAD where VNP = 1.6V (in this example). 4) Calculate effective efficiency as: Effective efficiency = (VNP x INP) / (VIN x IIN) = calculated nonpositioned power output divided by the measured voltage-positioned power input. 5) Plot the efficiency data point at the current INP. The effective efficiency of the voltage-positioned circuit will be less than that of the nonpositioned circuit at light loads (where the voltage-positioned output voltage is higher than the nonpositioned output voltage) and greater than that of the nonpositioned circuit at heavy loads (where the voltage-positioned output voltage is lower than the nonpositioned output voltage).
Efficiency Measurements and Effective Efficiency
Testing the power conversion efficiency (POUT/PIN) fairly and accurately requires more careful instrumentation than might be expected. One common error is to use inaccurate DMMs. Another is to use only one DMM and move it from one location to another to measure the various input/output voltages and currents. This second error usually results in changing the exact conditions applied to the circuit due to series resistance in the ammeters. It's best to use four 3-1/2 digit or better DMMs that have been recently calibrated and monitor V BATT , V OUT , I BATT , and I LOAD simultaneously. Connect the VBATT and VOUT meters directly across the input and output capacitors. Note that it's inaccurate to test efficiency at the remote VOUT and GND terminals, as this incorporates the parasitic resistance of the PC board output and ground buses in the measurement (a significant power loss). Remember to include the power consumed by the +5V bias supply when making efficiency calculations: V xI OUT LOAD Efficiency = V xI + 5V x I
(
BATT
BATT
)(
BIAS
)
Efficiency performance is greatly impacted by the choice of MOSFET. The International Rectifier MOSFETs used in this kit were of leading-edge performance for 12A applications at the time the kit was designed. However, considering the rapid pace of MOSFET improvement, the latest offerings should be evaluated.
Dynamic Output Voltage Transition Experiment
Observe the output voltage transition between 1.35V and 1.6V by toggling the SW1-C (A/B) position between on and off. This EV kit is set to transition the output voltage at 3.75mV/s. The speed of the transition can be altered by changing resistor R14 (120k). You may observe longer-than-expected transitions due to switch bounce (SW1). To eliminate switch bounce, set SW1-C (A/B) to the off position, and drive the A/B pad with a function generator. During the voltage transition, watch the inductor current by looking across R12 with a differential scope probe or
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit
by inserting a current probe in series with the inductor. Observe the low, well-controlled inductor current that accompanies the voltage transition. The same slew rate and controlled inductor current are used during shutdown and startup, resulting in well-controlled currents into and out of the battery (input source). There are two other methods to create an output voltage transition. Select A mode by setting the A/B switch to the on position (SW1-C). Then either manually change the JUA0-JUA4 jumpers to a new VID code setting (Table 1), or remove all JUA0-JUA4 jumpers and drive the VID0-VID4 PC board test points externally to the desired code settings. easy alternative methods of determining how much load current a particular pulse-generator amplitude is causing. The first and best is to observe the inductor current with a calibrated AC current probe, such as a Tektronix AM503. In the buck topology, the load current is equal to the average value of the inductor current. The second method is to measure the input current while using a static dummy load of the desired value. Then, connect the MOSFET dummy load at 100% duty momentarily, and adjust the gate-drive signal until the battery current rises to the appropriate level (the MOSFET load must be well heatsinked for this to work without causing smoke and flames).
Evaluates: MAX1717
Load-Transient Experiment
One interesting experiment is to subject the output to large, fast load transients and observe the output with an oscilloscope. This requires careful instrumentation of the output using the supplied scope-probe jack. Accurate measurement of output ripple and load-transient response invariably requires that ground clip leads be completely avoided and that the probe hat be removed to expose the GND shield, so the probe can be plugged directly into the jack. Otherwise, EMI and noise pickup will corrupt the waveforms. Most benchtop electronic loads intended for powersupply testing lack the ability to subject the DC-DC converter to ultra-fast load transients. Emulating the supply current di/dt at the CPU VCORE pins requires at least 10A/s load transients. One easy method for generating such an abusive load transient is to solder a MOSFET, such as an MTP3055 or 12N05, directly across the scope-probe jack. Then drive its gate with a strong pulse generator at a low duty cycle (10%) to minimize heat stress in the MOSFET. Adjust the highlevel output voltage of the pulse generator to vary the load current. Alternatively, control the load current with a load resistor in series with the MOSFET's drain, and drive the MOSFET fully on. Remember to include the expected on-resistance of the MOSFET in the load resistor calculation. To determine the load current, you might expect to insert a meter in the load path, but this method is prohibited here by the need for low resistance and inductance in the path of the dummy load MOSFET. There are two
Table 2. Switch SW1-A/SW1-B Functions (SHDN, SKIP)
SW1-A SW1-B Off X CONNECTION SKP/SDN connected to GND through R15 and R17. EFFECT Shutdown mode, VOUT = 0. Output enabled. SKIP mode operation. Allows automatic PWM/PFM switchover for pulse skipping at light load for highest efficiency. Output enabled. Lownoise mode. Forced fixed-frequency PWM operation.
On
On
SKP/SDN connected to VCC through R15.
--
Off
SKP/SDN connected to +2V through R15 and divider R16/R17.
Table 3. Switch SW1-C Functions (A/B)
SW1-C On Off CONNECTION A/B connected to VCC A/B connected to GND MAX1717 OUTPUT Internal VID multiplexer set to A mode. Internal VID multiplexer set to B mode.
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
Table 4. Jumpers JU3/JU4/JU5 Functions (Switching-Frequency Selection)
SHUNT LOCATION SHUNT LOCATION JU3 Installed Not Installed Not Installed Not Installed JU4 Not Installed Installed Not Installed Not Installed JU5 Not Installed Not Installed Installed Not Installed TON PIN Connected to VCC Connected to REF Connected to GND Floating FREQUENCY (kHz) 200 550 1000 300
IMPORTANT: Don't change the operating frequency without first recalculating component values. The frequency has a significant effect on the peak current-limit level, MOSFET heating, preferred inductor value, PFM/PWM switchover point, output noise, efficiency, and other critical parameters.
Table 5. Jumper JU6 Functions (Fixed/Adjustable Current-Limit Selection)
SHUNT POSITION On Connected to VCC Connected to midpoint of external resistordivider R18/R19. Refer to the Pin Description in the MAX1717 data sheet for more information (see Current Limit section). ILIM PIN 100mV CURRENT-LIMIT THRESHOLD
Off
Adjustable from 50mV to 300mV.
Table 6. Troubleshooting Guide
SYMPTOM Circuit won't start when power is applied. POSSIBLE PROBLEM Power-supply sequencing: +5V bias supply was applied first. Output overvoltage due to shorted high-side MOSFET. Output overvoltage due to load recovery above 2.25V. Output overload condition. Broken connection, bad MOSFET, or other catastrophic problem. On-time pulses are erratic or exhibit unexpected changes in period. VBATT power source has poor impedance characteristic. SOLUTION Cycle SW1-A (SHDN). Replace the MOSFET. Reduce the inductor value, raise the switching frequency, or add more output capacitance. Remove excessive load. Troubleshoot the power stage. Are the DH and DL gate-drive signals present? Is the 2V VREF present? Add a bulk electrolytic bypass capacitor across the benchtop power supply, or substitute a real battery. Observe the gate-source voltage of N2 during the low-to-high LX node transition (this requires careful instrumentation). Is the gate voltage being pulled above 1.5V, causing N2 to turn on? Use a smaller low-side MOSFET or add a BST resistor (R7). Use a smaller high-side MOSFET or add more heatsinking.
Circuit won't start when RESET is pressed, +5V bias supply cycled.
Excessive EMI, poor efficiency at high input voltages.
Gate-drain capacitance of N2 is causing shoot-through cross-conduction.
Poor efficiency at high input voltages, N1 gets hot. 6
N1 has excessive gate capacitance.
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7V TO 24V
VBATT C11 0.22F R1 20 VDD D4 D4 VCC R7 SHORT C15 1F D2 CMPSH-3 VDD V+ VBATT 18 D3 BST 7 8 DH D1 D1 20 C9 0.1F 3 L1 1H R12 0.005 LX 23 N1 1 2 24 4 D3 CMPD2838 6 5 22 17 +5V VBIAS 1 VCC VDD C21 OPEN C22 OPEN
C1 10F 25V C2 10F 25V C3 10F 25V C4 10F 25V C20 10F 25V
Figure 1. MAX1717 EV Kit Schematic
JI - PROBE SCOPE JACK D3 19 D2 D2
GND
MAX1717EV KIT SCHEMATIC (CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE)
U1
D0 D0 R13 10k 21
VOUT
A/B
MAX1717
16 A/B DL D1 2 SKP/SDN GND 3 TIME FB 4 C18 1000pF 5 JU9 JU8 R21 160k REF 10 ILIM VGATE 12 R4 100k VCC VGATE VCC R20 2k 1% R11 100 13 3 3 N2 1 2 N3 1 2 14 4 4 8 8 7 6 5 7 6 5
VCC R10 100k TP1 R15 20k R14 120k C14 470pF R8 SHORT 6 CC C12 0.22F 9 REF GNDS 8 TON JU5 1MHz R18 24.9k 1% R19 27.4k 1% 11 JU4 550kHz FLOAT = 300kHz FBS
6
4
C5 470F 6.3V
C6 470F 6.3V C7 470F 6.3V
C10 470F 6.3V C13 OPEN
C8 10F 6.3V
SW1-A
"SHDN"
SW1-C 1 "A/B" 3
5
R16 300k
SW1-B "SKIP"
2
R17 200k
FBS
REF 2V
JU3 200k
Evaluates: MAX1717
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JU6
MAX1717 Evaluation Kit
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
VCC R26 100k VID4 R2 100k VCC R25 100k VID3 C24 4700pF JUA4 JUB3 R3 100k D3 C25 4700pF JUB4
D4
VCC R24 100k VID2 C23 4700pF
JUA3 JUB2 R5 100k D2
JUA2 VCC R23 100k VID1 C19 4700pF JUB1 R6 100k D1
JUA1 VCC R22 100k VID0 C17 4700pF JUB0 R9 100k D0
JUA0
Figure 1. MAX1717 EV Kit Schematic (continued)
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
1.0"
1.0"
Figure 2. MAX1717 EV Kit Component Placement Guide-- Component Side
Figure 3. MAX1717 EV Kit Component Placement Guide-- Solder Side
1.0"
1.0"
Figure 4. MAX1717 EV Kit PC Board Layout--Component Side
Figure 5. MAX1717 EV Kit PC Board Layout--Ground Plane (Layer 2)
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
1.0"
1.0"
Figure 6. MAX1717 EV Kit PC Board Layout--Ground Plane (Layer 3)
Figure 7. MAX1717 EV Kit PC Board Layout--Solder Side
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
NOTES
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MAX1717 Evaluation Kit Evaluates: MAX1717
NOTES
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
12 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 (c) 2000 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.

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