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? amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance publication #: 24404 rev: a amendment/ 0 issue date: november 2000 informational white paper
trademarks amd, the amd logo, and combinations thereof, 3dnow!, amd powernow!, and amd-k6 are trademarks, and fusione86 is a service mark of advanced micro devices, inc. microsoft and windows are registered trademarks of microsoft corporation. pentium is a registered trademark of intel corporation. winstone is a registered trademark of ziff-davis, inc. other product names used in this publication are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of their respective companies. ? 2000 advanced micro devices, inc. all rights reserved. the contents of this document are provided in connection with advanced micro devices, inc. ("amd") products. amd makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and reserves the right to make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. no license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this publication. except as set forth in amd's standard terms and conditions of sale, amd assumes no liability whatsoever, and disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to its products including, but not limited to, the implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or infringement of any intellectual property right. amd's products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or in other applications intended to support or sustain life, or in any other application in which the failure of amd's product could create a situation where personal injury, death, or severe property or environmental damage may occur. amd reserves the right to discontinue or make changes to its products at any time without notice.
contents iii 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information contents overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 what is amd powernow!? technology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 dynamic control of voltage and frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 operating modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 key features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 implementing amd powernow!? technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ease of implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 software control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 real-time operating system environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 microsoft ? operating systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 designing a system enabled with amd powernow!? technology is easy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 power dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 competitive advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 feature comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 supported frequencies and voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 amd products supporting amd powernow!? technology . 12 questions and answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 list of figures figure 1. amd-k6?-2e+ or amd-k6?-iiie+ processor with amd powernow!? technology signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 figure 2. power comparison (high-performance mode versus amd powernow!? technology power-saver mode) . . . . . . . . . 8
iv list of tables amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information list of tables table 1. feature comparison of amd powernow!? technology and intels speedstep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 table 2. supported voltages and operating frequencies for low-power amd-k6?-2e+ processors enabled with amd powernow!? technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 table 3. supported voltages and operating frequencies for low-power amd-k6?-iiie+ processors enabled with amd powernow!? technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 table 4. all amd-k6?-2e+ and amd-k6?-iiie+ low-power processors support amd powernow!? technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
overview 1 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information informational white paper amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance overview the amd-k6?-2e+ and amd-k6?-iiie+ embedded processors are targeted at tethered applications. because these applications use non-exhaustible sources of power, system designers are primarily concerned with cooling the embedded processor efficiently with a fan-less or passive heat sink. as a result, it is critical for such an application to fall below the power threshold for a passive thermal solution and still function reliably without the need for a fan. amds new power-management feature, called amd powernow!? technology, enables a low-power amd-k6-2e+ or amd-k6-iiie+ processor to actively function while dissipating less than 3 w of power. with its multiple modes of operation and dynamically supported frequencies and voltages, amd powernow! technology empowers a developer to optimize power and performance to best meet the requirements for a passive thermal solution without compromising performance.
2 what is amd powernow!? technology? amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information what is amd powernow!? technology? amd powernow! technology is an advanced, second-generation power-management feature that reduces the overall power consumed by the processor through control of voltage and frequency. this power-saving technology is designed to be dynamic and flexible by enabling instant, on-the-fly, and independent control of both the voltage and frequency. currently, amd powernow! technology is available on all amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iiie+ low-power embedded processors. the amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iiie+ embedded processors extend the performance range of socket-7 compatible x86 embedded processors to unparalleled levels. amd powernow! technology enables reduced power consumption with performance on demand for power-sensitive embedded applications. dynamic control of voltage and frequency unlike many other currently available power management features, amd powernow! technology is designed to provide very fine and dynamic control of voltage and frequency. n amd powernow! technology is able to support up to 32 different core voltage settings ranging from 0.925 to 2.00 v 1 with voltage steps as small as 25 or 50 mv. n the technology also supports the complete frequency operating range of the processor in use and is independently controlled, allowing steps of 33 or 50 mhz 2 from an absolute low of 133 or 200 mhz. 1. absolute electrical ratings, provided in each processor data sheet, must be adhered to for each specific processor model. 2. depending upon a bus speed of 66 or 100 mhz.
what is amd powernow!? technology? 3 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information operating modes along with the finest granularity of control in the industry, amd powernow! technology supports different modes of operation. n in high-performance mode , the processor runs at the maximum rated voltage and speed providing the maximum performance possible. n changing to power-saver mode configures the processor to run at the lowest voltage and frequency supported for the most efficient power profile. n in automatic mode , the speed and voltage are dynamically and automatically determined by actual performance demands of the application. in automatic mode, the needs of the application environment dictate the amount of performance required and power used . this mode of operation ensures that only the required amount of power is dissipated to meet the performance demands of the application. these features are possible through the modifications made in the amd-k6 processor core. they include an integrated cpu clock speed control and additional pins to control an off-the- shelf programmable voltage regulator. none of these features requires changing any external bus frequencies, thereby maintaining overall integrity of the system and reducing the possibility of complications. key features n supported on all amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iiie+ low-power processors. n up to 32 allowable core voltages driven by voltage identification (vid) pins. n 25 and 50 mv core voltage steps for the finest control. n scalable frequency control from a low of 133 or 200 mhz with steps of 33 or 50 mhz. n voltage and frequency are independently configurable. n automatic mode support for precise and errorless power and performance scaling.
4 implementing amd powernow!? technology amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information implementing amd powernow!? technology amd powernow! technology is available on all low-power amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iii e+ processors. amds newly- released second-generation power-saving technology is easily accessed and controlled through the enhanced power management (epm) 16-byte i/o block. n the enhanced power management register (epmr) is a model-specific register (msr). it is used to map and enable access to the epm 16-byte i/o block . 1 n by modifying the epm block, the operating system (os) can change the voltage and bus frequency multiplier settings 2 . as shown in figure 1, the external vid[4:0] pins can be routed to an external programmable voltage regulator to modify the v cc2 core voltage. figure 1. amd-k6?-2e+ or amd-k6?- iii e+ processor with amd powernow!? technology signals 1. see the embedded amd-k6? processors bios design guide application note , order# 23913, and the amd powernow!? technology platform design guide for embedded processors application note , order# 24267, for more information about the epmr and the epm i/o block. 2. bus frequency pins need not be modified. the internal processor frequency is updated by altering the internal processor clock and not the external bus frequency. enhanced power management register (epmr) frequency multiplier and voltage regulator control vid/bf pin logic amd-k6?-2e+ or amd-k6?- iii e+ embedded processor enhanced amd-k6? cpu in 0.18 m process with amd powernow!? technology bf[2:0] vid[4:0]
implementing amd powernow!? technology 5 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information processor frequency is modified by writing to a 4-byte field in the epm i/o block that controls the bus frequency multiplier. this is done internally to the processor and does not affect any external signals or clocks. the external bus frequency (bf) pins should be used for power-on self test (post) and reset strapping only; the pin states are not modified when invoking amd powernow! technology. for the amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iiie+ low-power processors, operation can be maintained down to a core voltage of 1.4 v at a processor clock frequency of 200 mhz. with a multitude of intermediate steps between the rated maximum and minimum of the processor, a system designer can pinpoint and implement the optimal performance and power profile for any application at any time. ease of implementation n built-in bus frequency (bf) multiplier and vid control. n dynamic vid pins for controlling v cc2 regulator. n programmable bus frequency (bf) with on-chip registers. n default vid state for safe power-up. n clock multiplier and regulator voltage is controlled by software. n cpu uses bf pins.
6 software control amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information software control for embedded applications, software to support amd powernow! technology can be implemented in one of two ways. n for real-time operating systems (rtos), like embedded linux, amd powernow! technology is supported in the operating system or bios. n for microsoft ? operating systems, amd powernow! technology is supported through a publicly available driver. it is the driver, os, or bios that places the processor in the epm stop grant state and invokes desired changes. software control allows amd powernow! technology to be easily implemented, even for short design cycles. the only unique software required from the system designer is software that: n implements automatic mode n determines what factors should drive a frequency or voltage transition in some cases, this may be as simple as tracking cpu activity to step frequency and voltage up and down in accordance with demand. in this case, the designer would need to incorporate the cpu monitoring into the application environment so that amd powernow! technology state transitions are only invoked under desired conditions. the modifications for actually altering voltage and frequency take place in epm stop grant state and are handled transparently.
software control 7 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information real-time operating system environments in the rtos environment, amd powernow! technology is supported through the operating system (os) and/or bios. the rtos or bios carries the burden of invoking the epm stop grant state and reading and writing to the epmr and the epm 16-byte i/o block. additionally, locking the processor from external interruption, writes, or snoops during the amd powernow! technology transition is handled automatically. microsoft ? operating systems in microsoft operating systems, amd powernow! technology state changes are invoked by a system management mode (smm) handler. smm is the control vehicle for safely accessing the epmr and epm 16-byte i/o block to control the processors operating voltage and frequency. the key benefit of using smm while changing the state of the processors' operation is that, in a microsoft operating system, smm provides full access to the processor, while locking out external accesses that could interrupt a successful transition. this is easily done in smm by setting the advanced configuration and power management interface (acpi) defined arb-dis bit to prevent pci/agp bus master access while modifying model-specific register (msr) bits. designing a system enabled with amd powernow!? technology is easy n rtos control and support are provided. n driver for microsoft operating system support is provided. n amd powernow! technology state changes are handled directly through software control. n amd powernow! technology driver for microsoft ? operating system invokes smm handler for state transitions through the smi command port. n internal bit values reflect voltage and bus multiplier values invoked in epm stop grant state. n epm stop grant state timer ensures stable supply voltage and phase locked loop (pll) frequency. (maximum duration for stable operation is 200 m s.) n processor automatically returns to normal operation upon exiting epm stop grant state.
8 power dissipation amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information power dissipation amd powernow! technology can cut power dissipation by almost 75% 1 , as shown in figure 2. figure 2. power comparison (high-performance mode versus amd powernow!? technology power-saver mode) 1. comparison of active application power dissipation of an amd-k6- iii e+500anz processor at a maximum frequency of 500 mhz and amd powernow! technology power-saver mode of 200 mhz at 1.4-v vcc2. amd powernow!? technology power-saver mode amd-k6?-2e+ processor active application power amd-k6?- iii e+ processor active application power maximum frequency (mhz) power (w) 12 10 8 2 0 6 4 350 400 450 500
competitive advantages 9 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information competitive advantages amd powernow! technology offers numerous advantages over the competitions solution. these advantages include: n customization n three modes of operation (automatic, high-performance, and power-saver) n increased power savings n 3 w versus 7 w n higher degree of flexibility for both voltage and frequency n independent and dynamic control n multiple voltage and frequency settings supported n available on all amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iiie+ low-power processors feature comparison table 1 compares the features of amd powernow! technology with intels speedstep. table 1. feature comparison of amd powernow!? technology and intel?s speedstep feature amd powernow!? technology intel speedstep customer customization yes no low-power mode estimated 3 w 1 notes: 1. power estimates taken by running zd winstone? benchmark with continuous cpu operation. estimated 7 w 1 operating states up to 32 (more flexibility for developers) 2 automatic mode 2 2. automatic modecontinuously varies processor operating voltage and frequency based on application demand. yes (optimized performance and power usage) no availability all low-power amd-k6?-2e+ and amd-k6?- iii e+ processors high-end only (pentium ? iii 600+)
10 competitive advantages amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information supported frequencies and voltages table 2 and table 3 list the frequencies and voltages supported by amd powernow! technology for each processor. table 2. supported voltages and operating frequencies for low-power amd-k6?-2e+ processors enabled with amd powernow!? technology ordering part number 1 notes: 1. an x in this column represents the package type. see the processor data sheet for a full description of ordering part number notation. core voltage range of supported operating frequencies 2 2. amd powernow! technology enables the operating frequency to step down in increments corresponding to the available bus freque ncy multipliers. note that 250-mhz operation is not supported due to exclusion of 2.5 bus frequency multiplier. active power 3 3. active application power dissipation for highest and lowest supported frequency at specified voltage. amd-k6-2e+/450apz 1.7 v 450C200 mhz 8.70C4.90 w 1.6 v 400C200 mhz 6.90C4.20 w 1.5 v 350C200 mhz 5.60C3.70 w 1.4 v 300C200 mhz 4.30C2.95 w amd-k6-2e+/400xtz 1.6 v 400C200 mhz 6.90C4.20 w 1.5 v 350C200 mhz 5.60C3.70 w 1.4 v 300C200 mhz 4.30C2.95 w amd-k6-2e+/350xuz 1.5 v 350C200 mhz 5.60C3.70 w 1.4 v 300C200 mhz 4.30C2.95 w
competitive advantages 11 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information table 3. supported voltages and operating frequencies for low-power amd-k6?- iii e+ processors enabled with amd powernow!? technology ordering part number 1 notes: 1. an x in this column represents the package type. see the processor data sheet for a full description of ordering part number notation. core voltage range of supported operating frequencies 2 2. amd powernow! technology enables the operating frequency to step down in increments corresponding to the available bus freque ncy multipliers. note that 250-mhz operation is not supported due to exclusion of 2.5 bus frequency multiplier. active power 3 3. active application power dissipation for highest and lowest supported frequency at specified voltage. amd-k6- iii e+500anz 1.8 v 500C200 mhz 11.40C5.80 w 1.7 v 450C200 mhz 8.95C4.90 w 1.6 v 400C200 mhz 7.10C4.20 w 1.5 v 350C200 mhz 5.60C3.70 w 1.4 v 300C200 mhz 4.30C2.95 w amd-k6- iii e+450apz 1.7 v 450C200 mhz 8.95C4.90 w 1.6 v 400C200 mhz 7.10C4.20 w 1.5 v 350C200 mhz 5.60C3.70 w 1.4 v 300C200 mhz 4.30C2.95 w amd-k6- iii e+400xtz 1.6 v 400C200 mhz 7.10C4.20 w 1.5 v 350C200 mhz 5.60C3.70 w 1.4 v 300C200 mhz 4.30C2.95 w
12 competitive advantages amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information amd products supporting amd powernow!? technology table 4 lists all the ordering part numbers that support amd powernow! technology. table 4. all amd-k6?-2e+ and amd-k6?- iii e+ low-power processors support amd powernow!? technology ordering part number (opn) 1 enabled with amd powernow!? technology notes: 1. an x in this column represents the package type. see the processor data sheet for a full description of ordering part number notation. package temperature (celsius) core voltage nominal v cc2 active power 2 / amd powernow!? technology power-saver mode 2. active application power dissipation for highest supported frequency at specified voltage. amd-k6-2e+/350xuz cpga, obga 0-85 1.5 v 5.60 w / 2.95 w amd-k6-2e+/400xtz cpga, obga 0-85 1.6 v 6.90 w / 2.95 w amd-k6-2e+/450apz cpga 0-85 1.7 v 8.70 w / 2.95 w amd-k6- iii e+400xtz cpga, obga 0-85 1.6 v 7.10 w / 2.95 w amd-k6- iii e+450apz cpga 0-85 1.7 v 8.95 w / 2.95 w amd-k6- iii e+500anz cpga 0-85 1.8 v 11.40 w / 2.95 w
questions and answers 13 24404A/0november 2000 amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance preliminary information questions and answers question: what amd embedded processors support amd powernow! technology? answer: all of the amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iiie+ low-power processors are equipped with support for amd powernow! technology. amd powernow! technology is not limited to any specific speed grade, package type, or core voltage. question: is amd powernow! technology backward-compatible with older amd x86 based embedded processors? answer: no. amd powernow! technology is only available on amd's latest low-power offerings of the embedded family of amd-k6 microprocessors, which consist of the amd-k6-2e+ and amd-k6-iiie+ 32-bit processors. question: whats the lowest core voltage and frequency supported? answer: currently, processors equipped with amd powernow! technology can support a minimum core voltage at or above 1.4 v and operating frequencies as low as 200 mhz. frequencies at or above 350 mhz require a core voltage above this minimum. amd powernow! technology software is enabled with vid codes for core voltages as low as 0.925 v. question: what is automatic mode? answer: automatic mode is an automated mode under software control that is supported by amd powernow! technology. automatic mode allows for dynamic and immediate changes to be made to the processor's operating core voltage and frequency based on current application performance or power requirements. the marriage of power and performance is handled automatically through software control and operates free of any user intervention. question: how much power is saved by using the amd powernow! technology? answer: in embedded application testing and benchmarking, amd powernow! technology can cut power consumption from
14 questions and answers amd powernow!? technology dynamically manages power and performance 24404A/0november 2000 preliminary information 11.4 w to 2.95 w for the highest performing amd-k6-iiie+ processor. this is an overall power savings of over 70%! question: is the amd powernow! technology easy to implement? answer: yes. amd powernow! technology is enabled and controlled through software in the embedded system?s bios or os. in the case of microsoft operating systems, amd powernow! technology state transitions are implemented through a driver provided by amd. question: to date, what bios vendors support amd powernow! technology? answer: currently, award/phoenix has support for amd powernow! technology in their mobile-based bios. please refer to amd's fusione86 sm partner list at: http://www.amd.com/products/epd/desiging/fusionpartners/index.html for updates to amd's list of technology, support, and service partners. question: what operating systems include support for amd powernow! technology? answer: amd plans for all linux-based operating systems to include support for amd powernow! technology in the kernel of the os. several rtos vendors will also support amd powernow! technology in their operating systems. microsoft operating systems like embedded nt, windows ? 98 and winme can also be enabled with amd powernow! technology through the use of a driver provided by amd. an amd codekit software package for amd powernow! technology is available in codekit 42 at: http://www.amd.com/products/epd/desiging/codekits/

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