tl/h/9150 lm1881 video sync separator february 1995 lm1881 video sync separator general description the lm1881 video sync separator extracts timing informa- tion including composite and vertical sync, burst/back porch timing, and odd/even field information from standard nega- tive going sync ntsc, pal * , and secam video signals with amplitude from 0.5v to 2v p-p. the integrated circuit is also capable of providing sync separation for non-standard, fast- er horizontal rate video signals. the vertical output is pro- duced on the rising edge of the first serration in the vertical sync period. a default vertical output is produced after a time delay if the rising edge mentioned above does not oc- cur within the externally set delay period, such as might be the case for a non-standard video signal. features y ac coupled composite input signal y l 10 k x input resistance y k 10 ma power supply drain current y composite sync and vertical outputs y odd/even field output y burst gate/back porch output y horizontal scan rates to 150 khz y edge triggered vertical output y default triggered vertical output for non-standard video signal (video games-home computers) connection diagram lm1881n tl/h/9150 1 order number lm1881m or lm1881n see ns package number m08a or n08e * pal in this datasheet refers to european broadcast tv standard ``phase alternating line'', and not to programmable array logic. c 1995 national semiconductor corporation rrd-b30m115/printed in u. s. a.
absolute maximum ratings if military/aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the national semiconductor sales office/distributors for availability and specifications. supply voltage 13.2v input voltage 3 vpp (v cc e 5v) 6 vpp (v cc t 8v) output sink currents; pins 1, 3, 5 5 ma output sink current; pin 7 2 ma package dissipation (note 1) 1100 mw operating temperature range 0 c b 70 c storage temperature range b 65 cto a 150 c esd susceptibility (note 2) 2 kv soldering information dual-in-line package (10 sec.) 260 c small outline package vapor phase (60 sec.) 215 c infrared (15 sec.) 220 c see an-450 ``surface mounting methods and their effect on product reliability'' for other methods of soldering surface mount devices. electrical characteristics v cc e 5v; rset e 680 k x ;t a e 25 c; unless otherwise specified parameter conditions typ tested design units limit (note 3) limit (note 4) (limits) supply current outputs at logic 1 v cc e 5v 5.2 10 mamax v cc e 12v 5.5 12 mamax dc input voltage pin 2 1.5 1.3 vmin 1.8 vmax input threshold voltage note 5 70 55 mvmin 85 mvmax input discharge current pin 2; v in e 2v 11 6 m amin 16 m amax input clamp charge current pin 2; v in e 1v 0.8 0.2 mamin r set pin reference voltage pin 6; note 6 1.22 1.10 vmin 1.35 vmax composite sync. & vertical i out e 40 m a; v cc e 5v 4.5 4.0 vmin outputs logic 1 v cc e 12v 11.0 vmin i out e 1.6 ma v cc e 5v 3.6 2.4 vmin logic 1 v cc e 12v 10.0 vmin burst gate & odd/even i out e 40 m a; v cc e 5v 4.5 4.0 vmin outputs logic 1 v cc e 12v 11.0 vmin composite sync. output i out eb 1.6 ma; logic 0; pin 1 0.2 0.8 vmax vertical sync. output i out eb 1.6 ma; logic 0; pin 3 0.2 0.8 vmax burst gate output i out eb 1.6 ma; logic 0; pin 5 0.2 0.8 vmax odd/even output i out eb 1.6 ma; logic 0; pin 7 0.2 0.8 vmax vertical sync width 230 190 m smin 300 m smax burst gate width 2.7 k x from pin 5 to v cc 4 2.5 m smin 4.7 m smax vertical default time note 7 65 32 m smin 90 m smax note 1: for operation in ambient temperatures above 25 c, the device must be derated based on a 150 c maximum junction temperature and a package thermal resistance of 110 c/w, junction to ambient. note 2: esd susceptibility test uses the ``human body model, 100 pf discharged through a 1.5 k x resistor''. note 3: typicals are at t j e 25 c and represent the most likely parametric norm. note 4: tested limits are guaranteed to national's aoql (average outgoing quality level). note 5: relative difference between the input clamp voltage and the minimum input voltage which produces a horizontal output pulse. note 6: careful attention should be made to prevent parasitic capacitance coupling from any output pin (pins 1, 3, 5, and 7) to the r set pin (pin 6). note 7: delay time between the start of vertical sync (at input) and the vertical output pulse. 2
typical performance characteristics pulse separation vs vertical serration r set value selection vs rset sync delay time vertical default gate time vs rset burst/black level width vs rset vertical pulse width vs temperature vertical pulse supply voltage supply current vs tl/h/9150 2 3
application notes the lm1881 is designed to strip the synchronization signals from composite video sources that are in, or similar to, the n.t.s.c. format. input signals with positive polarity video (in- creasing signal voltage signifies increasing scene bright- ness) from 0.5v (p-p) to 2v (p-p) can be accommodated. the lm1881 operates from a single supply voltage between 5v dc and 12v dc. the only required external components beside power supply and set current decoupling are the in- put coupling capacitor and a single resistor that sets internal current levels, allowing the lm1881 to be adjusted for source signals with line scan frequencies differing from 15.734 khz. four major sync signals are available from the i/c: composite sync including both horizontal and vertical scan timing information; a vertical sync pulse; a burst gate or back porch clamp pulse; and an odd/even output. the odd/even output level identifies which video field of an inter- laced video source is present at the input. the outputs from the lm1881 can be used to gen-lock video camera/vtr signals with graphics sources, provide identification of video fields for memory storage, recover suppressed or contami- nated sync signals, and provide timing references for the extraction of coded or uncoded data on specific video scan lines. to better understand the lm1881 timing information and the type of signals that are used, refer to figure 2(a e) which shows a portion of the composite video signal from the end of one field through the beginning of the next field. composite sync output the composite sync output, figure 2(b) , is simply a repro- duction of the signal waveform below the composite video black level, with the video completely removed. this is ob- tained by clamping the video signal sync tips to 1.5v dc at pin 2 and using a comparator threshold set just above this voltage to strip the sync signal, which is then buffered out to pin 1. the threshold separation from the clamped sync tip is nominally 70 mv which means that for the minimum input level of 0.5v (p-p), the clipping level is close to the halfway point on the sync pulse amplitude (shown by the dashed line on figure 2(a) ). this threshold separation is indepen- dent of the signal amplitude, therefore, for a 2v (p-p) input the clipping level occurs at 11% of the sync pulse ampli- tude. the charging current for the input coupling capacitor is 0.8 ma, whereas the discharge current is only 11 m a, typi- cally. this allows relatively small capacitor values to be usede0.1 m f is generally recommended. normally the signal source for the lm1881 is assumed to be clean and relatively noise-free, but some sources may have excessive video peaking, causing high frequency video and chroma components to extend below the black level refer- ence. some video discs keep the chroma burst pulse pres- ent throughout the vertical blanking period so that the burst actually appears on the sync tips for three line periods in- stead of at black level. a clean composite sync signal can be generated from these sources by filtering the input sig- nal. when the source impedance is low, typically 75 x ,a 620 x resistor in series with the source and a 510 pf capaci- tor to ground will form a low pass filter with a corner fre- quency of 500 khz. this bandwidth is more than sufficient to pass the sync pulse portion of the waveform; however, any subcarrier content in the signal will be attenuated by almost 18 db, effectively taking it below the comparator threshold. filtering will also help if the source is contaminated with thermal noise. the output waveforms will become delayed from between 40 ns to as much as 200 ns due to this filter. this much delay will not usually be significant but it does contribute to the sync delay produced by any additional sig- nal processing. since the original video may also undergo processing, the need for time delay correction will depend on the total system, not just the sync stripper. vertical sync output a vertical sync output is derived by internally integrating the composite sync waveform (figure 3) . to understand the generation of the vertical sync pulse, refer to the lower left hand section figure 3 . note that there are two comparators in the section. one comparator has an internally generated voltage reference called v 1 going to one of its inputs. the other comparator has an internally generated voltage refer- ance called v 2 going to one of its inputs. both comparators have a common input at their noninverting input coming from the internal integrator. the internal integrator is used for integrating the composite sync signal. this signal comes from the input side of the composite sync buffer and are positive going sync pulses. the capacitor to the integrator is internal to the lm1881. the capacitor charge current is set by the value of the external resistor r set . the output of the integrator is going to be at a low voltage during the normal horizontal lines because the integrator has a very short time to charge the capacitor, which is during the hori- zontal sync period. the equalization pulses will keep the output voltage of the integrator at about the same level, below the v 1 . during the vertical sync period the narrow going positive pulses shown in figure 2 is called the serra- tion pulse. the wide negative portion of the vertical sync period is called the vertical sync pulse. at the start of the vertical sync period, before the first serration pulse occurs, the integrator now charges the capacitor to a much higher voltage. at the first serration pulse the integrator output should be between v 1 and v 2 . this would give a high level at the output of the comparator with v 1 as one of its inputs. this high is clocked into the ``d'' flip-flop by the falling edge of the serration pulse (remember the sync signal is inverted in this section of the lm1881). the ``q'' output of the ``d'' flip-flop goes through the or gate, and sets the r/s flip- flop. the output of the r/s flip-flop enables the internal oscillator and also clocks the odd/even ``d'' flip-flop. the odd/even field pulse operation is covered in the next sec- tion. the output of the oscillator goes to a divide by 8 circuit, thus resetting the r/s flip-flop after 8 cycles of the oscilla- tor. the frequency of the oscillator is established by the internal capacitor going to the oscillator and the external r set . the ``q '' output of the r/s flip-flop goes to pin 3 and is the actual vertical sync output of the lm1881. by clocking the ``d'' flip-flop at the start of the first serration pulse means that the vertical sync output pulse starts at this point in time and lasts for eight cycles of the internal oscillator as shown in figure 2 . how r set affects the integrator and the internal oscillator is shown under the typical performance characteristics. the first graph is ``r set value selection vs vertical serration pulse separation''. for this graph to be valid, the vertical sync pulse should last for at least 85% of the horizontal half line (47% of a full horizontal line). a vertical sync pulse from any standard should meet this requirement; both ntsc and pal do meet this requirement (the serration pulse is the remainder of the period, 10% to 15% of the horizontal 4
application notes (continued) tl/h/9150 3 figure 2. (a) composite video; (b) composite sync; (c) vertical output pulse; (d) odd/even field index; (e) burst gate/back porch clamp * components optional, tl/h/9150 4 see text figure 3 5
application notes (continued) half line). remember this pulse is a positive pulse at the integrator but negative in figure 2 . this graph shows how long it takes the integrator to charge its internal capacitor above v 1 . with r set too large the charging current of the integrator will be too small to charge the capacitor above v 1 , thus there will be no vertical synch output pulse. as mentioned above, r set also sets the frequency of the internal oscillator. if the oscillator runs too fast its eight cycles will be shorter than the vertical sync portion of the composite sync. under this condition another vertical sync pulse can be generated on one of the later serration pulses after the divide by 8 circuit resets the r/s flip-flop. the first graph also shows the minimum r set necessary to prevent a double vertical pulse, assuming that the serration pulses last for only three full horizontal line periods (six serration pulses for ntsc). the actual pulse width of the vertical sync pulse is shown in the ``vertical pulse width vs r set '' graph. using ntsc as an example, lets see how these two graphs relate to each oth- er. the horizontal line is 64 m s long, or 32 m s for a horizon- tal half line. now round this off to 30 m s. in the ``r set value selection vs vertical serration pulse separation'' graph the minimum resistor value for 30 m s serration pulse separation is about 550 k x . going to the ``vertical pulse width vs r set '' graph one can see that 550 k x gives a vertical pulse width of about 180 m s, the total time for the vertical sync period of ntsc (3 horizontal lines). a 550 k x will set the internal oscillator to a frequency such that eight cycles gives a time of 180 m s, just long enough to prevent a double vertical sync pulse at the vertical sync output of the lm1881. the lm1881 also generates a default vertical sync pulse when the vertical sync period is unusually long and has no serration pulses. with a very long vertical sync time the inte- grator has time to charge its internal capacitor above the voltage level v 2 . since there is no falling edge at the end of a serration pulse to clock the ``d'' flip-flop, the only high signal going to the or gate is from the default comparator when output of the integrator reaches v 2 . at this time the r/s flip-flop is toggled by the default comparator, starting the vertical sync pulse at pin 3 of the lm1881. if the default vertical sync period ends before the end of the input vertical sync period, then the falling edge of the vertical sync (posi- tive pulse at the ``d'' flip-flop) will clock the high output from the comparator with v 1 as a reference input. this will retrig- ger the oscillator, generating a second vertical sync output pulse. the ``vertical default sync delay time vs r set '' graph shows the relationship between the r set value and the delay time from the start of the vertical sync period be- fore the default vertical sync pulse is generated. using the ntsc example again the smallest resistor for r set is 500 k x . the vertical default time delay is about 50 m s, much longer than the 30 m s serration pulse spacing. a common question is how can one calculate the required r set with a video timing standard that has no serration puls- es during the vertical blanking. if the default vertical sync is to be used this is a very easy task. use the ``vertical default sync delay time vs r set '' graph to select the necessary r set to give the desired delay time for the vertical sync out- put signal. if a second pulse is undesirable, then check the ``vertical pulse width vs r set '' graph to make sure the verti- cal output pulse will extend beyond the end of the input vertical sync period. in most systems the end of the vertical sync period may be very accurate. in this case the preferred design may be to start the vertical sync pulse at the end of the vertical sync period, similar to starting the vertical sync pulse after the first serration pulse. a vga standard is to be used as an example to show how this is done. in this stan- dard a horizontal line is 32 m s long. the vertical sync period is two horizontal lines long, or 64 m s. the vertical default sync delay time must be longer than the vertical sync peri- od of 64 m s. in this case r set must be larger than 680 k x . r set must still be small enough for the output of the integra- tor to reach v 1 before the end of the vertical period of the input pulse. the first graph can be used to confirm that r set is small enough for the integrator. instead of using the verti- cal serration pulse separation, use the actual pulse width of the vertical sync period, or 64 m s in this example. this graph is linear, meaning that a value as large as 2.7 m x can be used for r set (twice the value as the maximum at 30 m s). due to leakage currents it is advisable to keep the value of r set under 2.0 m x . in this example a value of 1.0 m x is selected, well above the minimum of 680 k x . with this value for r set the pulse width of the vertical sync output pulse of the lm1881 is about 340 m s. odd/even field pulse an unusual feature of lm1881 is an output level from pin 7 that identifies the video field present at the input to the lm1881. this can be useful in frame memory storage appli- cations or in extracting test signals that occur only in alter- nate fields. for a composite video signal that is interlaced, one of the two fields that make up each video frame or picture must have a half horizontal scan line period at the end of the vertical scanei.e., at the bottom of the picture. this is called the ``odd field'' or ``field 1''. the ``even field'' or ``field 2'' has a complete horizontal scan line at the end of the field. an odd field starts on the leading edge of the first equalizing pulse, whereas the even field starts on the lead- ing edge of the second equalizing pulse of the vertical re- trace interval. figure 2(a) shows the end of the even field and the start of the odd field. to detect the odd/even fields the lm1881 again integrates the composite sync waveform (figure 3) . a capacitor is charged during the period between sync pulses and dis- charged when the sync pulse is present. the period be- tween normal horizontal sync pulses is enough to allow the capacitor voltage to reach a threshold level of a comparator that clears a flipflop which is also being clocked by the sync waveform. when the vertical interval is reached, the shorter integration time between equalizing pulses prevents this 6
application notes (continued) threshold from being reached and the q output of the flip- flop is toggled with each equalizing pulse. since the half line period at the end of the odd field will have the same effect as an equalizing pulse period, the q output will have a differ- ent polarity on successive fields. thus by comparing the q polarity with the vertical output pulse, an odd/even field in- dex is generated. pin 7 remains low during the even field and high during the odd field. burst/backporch output pulse in a composite video signal, the chroma burst is located on the backporch of the horizontal blanking period. this period, approximately 4.8 m s long, is also the black level reference for the subsequent video scan line. the lm1881 generates a pulse at pin 5 that can be used either to retrieve the chro- ma burst from the composite video signal (thus providing a subcarrier synchronizing signal) or as a clamp for the dc restoration of the video waveform. this output is obtained simply by charging an internal capacitor starting on the trail- ing edge of the horizontal sync pulses. simultaneously the output of pin 5 is pulled low and held until the capacitor charge circuit times oute4 m s later. a shorter output burst gate pulse can be derived by differentiating the burst output using a series c-r network. this may be necessary in appli- cations which require high horizontal scan rates in combina- tion with normal (60 120 hz) vertical scan rates. applications apart from extracting a composite sync signal free of video information, the lm1881 outputs allow a number of interest- ing applications to be developed. as mentioned above, the burst gate/backporch clamp pulse allows dc restoration of the original video waveform for display or remodulation on an r.f. carrier, and retrieval of the color burst for color syn- chronization and decoding into r.g.b. components. for frame memory storage applications, the odd/even field lev- el allows identification of the appropriate field ensuring the correct read or write sequence. the vertical pulse output is particularly useful since it begins at a precise timeethe ris- ing edge of the first vertical serration in the sync waveform. this means that individual lines within the vertical blanking period (or anywhere in the active scan line period) can easi- ly be extracted by counting the required number of tran- sitions in the composite sync waveform following the start of the vertical output pulse. the vertical blanking interval is proving popular as a means to transmit data which will not appear on a normal t.v. re- ceiver screen. data can be inserted beginning with line 10 (the first horizontal scan line on which the color burst ap- pears) through to line 21. usually lines 10 through 13 are not used which leaves lines 14 through 21 for inserting sig- nals, which may be different from field to field. in the u.s., line 19 is normally reserved for a vertical interval reference signal (virs) and line 21 is reserved for closed caption data for the hearing impaired. the remaining lines are used in a number of ways. lines 17 and 18 are frequently used during studio processing to add and delete vertical interval test signals (vits) while lines 14 through 18 and line 20 can be used for videotex/teletext data. several institutions are proposing to transmit financial data on line 17 and cable systems use the available lines in the vertical interval to send decoding data for descrambler terminals. since the vertical output pulse from the lm1881 coincides with the leading edge of the first vertical serration, sixteen positive or negative transitions later will be the start of line 14 in either field. at this point simple counters can be used to select the desired line(s) for insertion or deletion of data. video line selector the circuit in figure 4 puts out a single video line according to the binary coded information applied to line select bits b0 b7. a line is selected by adding two to the desired line number, converting to a binary equivalent and applying the result to the line select inputs. the falling edge of the lm1881's vertical pulse is used to load the appropriate number into the counters (mm74c193n) and to set a start count latch using two nand gates. composite sync tran- sitions are counted using the borrow out of the desired num- ber of counters. the final borrow out pulse is used to turn on the analog switch (cd4066bc) during the desired line. the falling edge of this signal also resets the start count latch, thereby terminating the counting. the circuit, as shown, will provide a single line output for each field in an interlaced video system (television) or a single line output in each frame for a non-interlaced video system (computer monitor). when a particular line in only one field of an interlaced video signal is desired, the odd/ even field index output must be used instead of the vertical output pulse (invert the field index output to select the odd field). a single counter is needed for selecting lines 3 to 14; two counters are needed for selecting lines 15 to 253; and three counters will work for up to 2046 lines. an output buff- er is required to drive low impedance loads. multiple contiguous video line selector with black level restoration the circuit in figure 5 will select a number of adjoining lines starting with the line selected as in the previous example. additional counters can be added as described previously for either higher starting line numbers or an increased num- ber of contiguous output lines. the back porch pulse output of the lm1881 is used to gate the video input's black level through a low pass filter (10 k x ,10 m f) providing black level restoration at the video output when the output selected line(s) is not being gated through. 7
typical applications tl/h/9150 5 figure 4. video line selector tl/h/9150 6 figure 5. multiple contiguous video line selector with black level restoration 8
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lm1881 video sync separator physical dimensions inches (millimeters) lit. y 107636 molded small outline package (m) order number lm1881m ns package number m08a molded dual-in-line package (n) order number lm1881n ns package number n08e life support policy national's products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval of the president of national semiconductor corporation. as used herein: 1. life support devices or systems are devices or 2. a critical component is any component of a life systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant support device or system whose failure to perform can into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life failure to perform, when properly used in accordance support device or system, or to affect its safety or with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can effectiveness. be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. national semiconductor national semiconductor national semiconductor national semiconductor corporation europe hong kong ltd. japan ltd. 1111 west bardin road fax: ( a 49) 0-180-530 85 86 13th floor, straight block, tel: 81-043-299-2309 arlington, tx 76017 email: cnjwge @ tevm2.nsc.com ocean centre, 5 canton rd. fax: 81-043-299-2408 tel: 1(800) 272-9959 deutsch tel: ( a 49) 0-180-530 85 85 tsimshatsui, kowloon fax: 1(800) 737-7018 english tel: ( a 49) 0-180-532 78 32 hong kong fran 3 ais tel: ( a 49) 0-180-532 93 58 tel: (852) 2737-1600 italiano tel: ( a 49) 0-180-534 16 80 fax: (852) 2736-9960 national does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and national reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.
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