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| 1 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 typical application features description hot swappable supercapacitor charger, backup controller and system monitor the lt c ? 3351 is a backup power controller that charges and monitors a series stack of one to four supercapacitors. the LTC3351 s synchronous step-down controller drives n-channel mosfets for constant current/constant voltage charging with programmable input current limit. in addi - tion, the step-down converter runs in reverse as a step-up converter to deliver power from the super capacitor stack to the backup supply rail. internal balancers eliminate the need for external balance resistors and each capacitor has a shunt regulator for over voltage protection. the LTC3351 monitors system voltages, currents, stack capacitance and esr which can all be read over the i 2 c/ smbus port. the hot swap controller uses n-channel mosfets for inrush control and a low loss path from the input to the output. the ideal diode controller uses an n-channel mosfet for a low loss power path from the supercapacitors to the output. the LTC3351 is available in a thermally enhanced low profile 44-lead 4mm x 7mm x 0.75mm qfn surface mount package. applications n integrated hot swap controller with circuit breaker n high efficiency synchronous step-down cc/cv charging of one to four series supercapacitors n step-up mode in backup provides greater utilization of stored energy in supercapacitors n 16-bit adc for monitoring system voltages/ currents, capacitance and esr n programmable undervoltage and overvoltage thresholds to 35v n v in : 4.5v to 35v, v cap(n) : up to 5v per capacitor, charge/backup current: >10a n programmable input current limit prioritizes system load over capacitor charge current n all n-fet charger controller and powerpath controller n compact 44-lead 4mm x 7mm qfn package n swappable pcie cards with nvm n high current 12v ride-through ups n servers/mass storage/high availability systems all registered trademarks and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. patents pending. example hot swap from 12v lt c3351 3351f vcap cap4 cap3 cap2 cap1 caprtn capfb hs_gate isnsp_hs/ isnsm v in i chg (step-down) i backup v cap < v out (step-up) v cap > v out (direct connect) v out LTC3351 10f v cap 10f 10f uv 10f 3351 ta01a i 2 c ov isnsp_chg 5ms/div 3351 ta01 outfb outfet tgate sw bgate icap
2 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 table of contents features ............................................................................................................................ 1 applications ....................................................................................................................... 1 t ypical application ............................................................................................................... 1 description ......................................................................................................................... 1 absolute maximum ratings ..................................................................................................... 3 order information ................................................................................................................. 3 pin configuration ................................................................................................................. 3 electrical characteristics ........................................................................................................ 4 t ypical performance characteristics .......................................................................................... 8 pin functions ..................................................................................................................... 10 block diagram .................................................................................................................... 13 t iming diagram .................................................................................................................. 14 operation ..........................................................................................................................15 applications information ....................................................................................................... 26 register map ..................................................................................................................... 43 package description ............................................................................................................ 55 t ypical application .............................................................................................................. 56 related parts ..................................................................................................................... 56 lt c3351 3351f 3 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 pin configuration absolute maximum ratings v in , v out , isnsp_hs , isnsp_chg,isnsm, uv, ov, retryb, outfb ....................... C 0.3 v to 40v vcap .......................................................... C 0.3 v to 22v ca p4 -ca p3 , ca p3 -ca p2 , ca p2 - ca p1 , ca p1 -caprtn ................. C 0. 3v to 5.5v drv cc , capfb, smbalert , capgd, vingd, gpi, sda, scl ........... C 0.3 v to intv cc + 0.3v bst ......................................................... C 0. 3v to 45.5v c a p_ slc t 0, c a p_ slc t 1 ......... C 0. 3v to v cc2p5 + 0.3v bst to sw ................................................ C 0.3 v to 5.5v isnsp_hs to isnsm, isnsp_chg to i snsm, icap to vcap ... C 0. 3v to 0.3v i intvcc ................................................................. 100 ma i cap(1,2,3,4) , i caprtn ............................................ 60 0ma i capgd , i vingd , i smbalert ...................................... 10m a operating junction temperature range (notes 2, 3) ........................................ C 40 c to 125 c storage temperature range .................. C 65 c to 150 c (note 1) 16 17 top view 45 pgnd uff package 44-lead (4mm 7mm) plastic qfn 18 19 20 21 22 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 cap_slct0 cap_slct1 vingd scl sda smbalert capgd vc capfb outfb sgnd rt gpi itst caprtn isns_hs isnsp_chg isnsm retryb v out intv cc drv cc bgate bst tgate sw vcc2p5 icap v cap outfet ctimer ov uv v in hs_gate src css cap1 cap2 cap3 cap4 cfp cfn vcapp5 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 t jmax = 125c, ja = 36.4c/w, jc = 2.6c/w exposed pad (pin 45) is pgnd, must be soldered to pcb order information lead free finish tape and reel part marking package description temperature range LTC3351euff#pbf LTC3351euff#trpbf 3351 44-lead (4mm x 7mm) plastic qfn C40c to 125c LTC3351iuff#pbf LTC3351iuff#trpbf 3351 44-lead (4mm x 7mm) plastic qfn C40c to 125c consult adi marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. for more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ for more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/. some packages are available in 500 unit reels through designated sales channels with #trmpbf suffix. http://www.linear.com/product/LTC3351#orderinfo lt c3351 3351f 4 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 electrical characteristics symbol parameter conditions min typ max units switching regulator v in input supply voltage l 4.5 35 v i q input quiescent current, i vout (note 4) 2.25 ma v capfbhi maximum regulated v cap feedback voltage full scale (1111b) l 1.188 1.2 1.212 v v capfb_def default v capfb_dac setting (1010b) l 0.997 1.0125 1.028 v v capfblo minimum regulated v cap feedback voltage zero scale (0000b) l 0.625 0.6375 0.650 v i capfb capfb input leakage current v capfb = 1.2v l C50 50 na v outfb regulated v out feedback voltage l 1.182 1.2 1.218 v v outfb(th) outfet turn-off threshold falling threshold 1.27 1.3 1.33 v i outfb outfb input leakage current v outfb = 1.2v l C50 50 na v outbst v out voltage in step-up mode v in = 0v l 4.5 35 v v uvlo intv cc undervoltage lockout rising threshold falling threshold l l 3.85 4.3 4 4.45 v v v drvuvlo drv cc undervoltage lockout rising threshold falling threshold l l 3.75 4.2 3.9 4.35 v v v duvlo v out C v cap differential undervoltage lockout rising threshold falling threshold l l 160 55 200 90 240 125 mv mv v ovlo switcher v in overvoltage lockout rising threshold falling threshold l l 37.7 36.3 38.6 37.2 39.5 38.1 v v v vcapp5 charge pump output voltage relative to vcap, 0v < v cap < 20v 5 v input current sense amplifier v snsi regulated input current sense voltage (isnsp_chg C isnsm) l 31.04 32 32.96 mv charge current sense amplifier v snsc regulated charge current sense voltage (i cap ?C?v cap) v cap = 10v, charge mode l 31.04 32 32.96 mv v cmc common mode range (icap, vcap) 0 20 v v peak peak inductor current sense voltage active in both step-up/step-down modes l 51 58 65 mv i icap icap pin current step-down mode, vsnsc = 32mv step-up mode, vsnsc = 32mv 27 100 a a error amplifier g mv v cap voltage loop transconductance 1 mmho g mc charge current loop transconductance 64 mho g mi input current loop transconductance 64 mho g mo v out voltage loop transconductance 350 mho oscillator f sw switching frequency rt = 107k l 493 500 507 khz maximum programmable frequency rt = 53.6k 1 mhz minimum programmable frequency rt = 267k 200 khz dcmax maximum duty cycle step-down mode, 53.6k? 5 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 electrical characteristics symbol parameter conditions min typ max units gate drivers r up-tg tgate pull-up on-resistance 2 r down-tg tgate pull-down on-resistance 0.6 r up-bg bgate pull-up on-resistance 2 r down-bg bgate pull-down on-resistance 0.6 t no non-overlap time 50 ns t on(min) 85 ns intv cc linear regulator v intvcc internal v cc voltage 5.2v < v in < 35v 5 v dv intvcc load regulation i intvcc = 50ma C1.5 C2.5 % ideal diode v fto fast on threshold voltage 65 mv v fr forward regulation voltage 30 mv v rto reverse turn off threshold voltage C30 mv uv/ov comparator v uv/ovi(th) uv/ov input threshold (rising edge) l 1.182 1.2 1.218 v v uv/ovi(hys) uv/ov hysteresis 60 mv i uv/ov uv/ov input leakage current v uv/ov = 0.5v l C50 50 na v vingd vingd output low voltage i sink = 5ma 300 mv i vingd vingd high-z leakage current vingd = 5v l 1 a uv falling to vingd low delay 1 s capgd v capfb(th) capgd rising threshold as % of regulated v cap feedback voltage vcapfb_dac = full scale (1111b) l 90 92 94 % v capfb(hys) capgd hysteresis at capfb as a % of regulated v cap feedback voltage vcapfb_dac = full scale (1111b) 2.5 % v capgd capgd output low voltage i sink = 5ma 200 mv i capgd capgd high-z leakage current v capgd = 5v l 1 a analog-to-digital converter v res measurement resolution 16 bits v gpi general purpose input voltage range unbuffered buffered 0 0 5 3.5 v v i gpi general purpose input pin leakage current buffered input 1 a r gpi gpi pin resistance buffer disabled 1.25 m the l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at t j = 25c (note 2). v in = v out = 12v, vdrv cc = vintv cc unless otherwise noted. lt c3351 3351f 6 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 electrical characteristics symbol parameter conditions min typ max units measurement system error v err measurement error (note 5) v in = 0v v in = 30v 100 1.5 mv % v out = 5v v out = 30v 100 1.5 mv % v cap = 0v v cap = 10v 100 1.5 mv % v gpi = 0v, unbuffered v gpi = 5v, unbuffered 2 1 mv % v cap1 = 0v v cap1 = 2v 2 1 mv % v cap2 = 0v v cap2 = 2v 2 1 mv % v cap3 = 0v v cap3 = 2v 2 1 mv % v cap4 = 0v v cap4 = 2v 2 1 mv % v snsi = 0mv v snsi = 32mv 200 2 v % v snsc = 0mv v snsc = 32mv 200 2 v % cap1 to cap4 r shnt shunt resistance 0.5 dvcapmax maximum shunt operating voltage 3.6 v programming pins v itst itst voltage r tst = 20 l 1.182 1.2 1.209 v i 2 c/smbus C sda, scl, smbalert i il,sda,scl input leakage low C1 1 a i ih,sda,scl input leakage high C1 1 a v ih input high threshold 1.5 v v il input low threshold 0.8 v f scl scl clock frequency 400 khz t low low period of scl clock 1.3 s t high high period of scl clock 0.6 s t buf bus free time between start and stop conditions 1.3 s t hd,sta hold time, after (repeated) start condition 0.6 s t su,sta setup time after a repeated start condition 0.6 s t su,sto stop condition set-up time 0.6 s t hd,dato output data hold time 0 900 ns t hd,dati input data hold time 0 ns t su,dat data set-up time 100 ns t sp input spike suppression pulse width 50 ns v smbalert smbalert output low voltage i sink = 5ma 200 mv the l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at t j = 25c (note 2). v in = v out = 12v, vdrv cc = vintv cc unless otherwise noted. lt c3351 3351f 7 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 note 1: stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. exposure to any absolute maximum rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. note 2: the LTC3351 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that t j t a . the LTC3351e is guaranteed to meet specifications from 0c to 125c junction temperature. specifications over the C40c to 125c operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. the LTC3351i is guaranteed over the C40c to 125c operating junction temperature range. note that the maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal impedance and other environmental factors. the junction temperature (t j , in c) is calculated from the ambient temperature (t a , in c) and power dissipation (p d , in watts) according to the formula: t j = t a + (p d ? ja ) where ja = 36.4c/w for the uff package. electrical characteristics symbol parameter conditions min typ max units i smbalert smbalert high-z leakage current v smbalert = 5v l 1 a hot swap controller v in(uvlo_hs) hot swap input supply undervoltage lockout v in rising, hot swap operation l 3.7 3.85 4 v v ilim(th) current limit threshold (isns_hs-isnsm) v out < v in C 11v v out = v in l l 7 46 10 48 13 50 mv mv i (ov,uv,retryb) ov, uv, retryb pin input current l C50 0 50 na v th(retryb) retryb threshold l 185 200 215 mv v timer(th) ctimer pin threshold rising falling l 1.188 1.2 0.3 1.212 mv mv i timer(dn) ctimer pull down current l 1.4 2 2.6 a i timer(up) ctimer pull up current l 320 400 480 a i timer(ratio) ctimer pull-down/pull-up current l 0.5 0.6 % i hs_gate(up) hs_gate pull up current l 16 24 30 a the l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at t j = 25c (note 2). v in = v out = 12v, vdrv cc = vintv cc unless otherwise noted. note 3: the LTC3351 includes over temperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. when over temperature protection is active the switcher is shutdown. junction temperature will exceed 125?c when over temperature protection is active. continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability. note 4: dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. see the applications information section. note 5: measurement error is the magnitude of the difference between the actual measured value and the ideal value. v snsi is the voltage between i sns_chg and i snsm , representing input current. v snsc is the voltage between i cap and v cap , representing charge current. error for v snsi and v snsc is expressed in v, a conversion to an equivalent current may be made by dividing by the sense resistors, r snsi and r snsc , respectively. lt c3351 3351f 8 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 typical performance characteristics hot swap current limit fold-back curve example hot swap, 12v hot swap and full charge cycle hot swap and begin charge hot swap startup into shorted output hot swap short detailed backup operation, 1a backup operation, 2a backup operation, 3.5a i in 0.2a/div v out 2v/div v in 2v/div i in 0.5a/div v out 2v/div v cap 2v/div v in 2v/div i in 0.5a/div v out 2.0v/div v css 0.5v/div v in 2.0v/div i in 0.2a/div v css 0.5v/div v ctimer 0.5v/div v in 2.0v/div i in 0.5a/div v out 2.0v/div v cap 2.0v/div v in 2.0v/div i in 0.5a/div v out 2v/div v cap 2v/div v in 2v/div i in 0.2a/div hs_gate 0.5v/div v ctimer 0.5v/div i in 0.5a/div v out 2.0v/div v cap 2.0v/div v in 2.0v/div t a = 25c, unless otherwise noted. lt c3351 3351f 18 26 34 42 50 isns_hs ? isnsm (mv) 3351 g01 5ms/div 3351 g02 500ms/div v in ? v out (v) 3351 g03 10ms/div 3351 g04 10ms/div 3351 g05 500ms/div 3351 g08 300ms/div 3351 g09 100s/div 0 3351 g06 1.2s/div 3351 g07 2 5 7 10 12 10 9 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 typical performance characteristics i in and i charge vs v in i charge vs v cap i charge vs v cap i in and i charge vs i out efficiency in boost mode v cap vs vcapfb_dac v cap vs temperature charger efficiency vs v cap charge current vs shunt voltage v cap (v) 0 i charge (a) 2.50 3.75 8 3351 g11 1.25 0 2 4 6 5.00 v in = 12v v in = 24v v in = 35v i in(max) = 2a i charge = 4a i out = 0a v cap (v) 0 i charge (a) 2.50 3.75 8 3351 g12 1.25 0 2 4 6 5.00 v in = 12v v in = 24v v in = 35v i in(max) = 2a i charge = 4a i out = 1a i out (a) efficiency (%) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 3351 g14 v cap = 2v v cap = 3v v cap = 4v v out = 10v v in (v) 11 current (a) 2.9 3.5 36 3351 g10 2.3 1.7 16 21 26 31 i in 4.1 125c 25c ?40c i in(max) = 2a, i charge = 4a i out = 1a, v cap = 6v i charge i out (a) 0 current (a) 2.50 3.75 3.00 3351 g13 1.25 0 0.75 1.50 2.25 i in 5.00 v in = 12v v in = 24v v in = 35v i in(max) = 2a, i charge = 4a i charge i in(max) = 2a i out = 0a v in = 12v v in = 24v v in = 35v v cap (v) t a = 25c, unless otherwise noted. lt c3351 3351f 80 90 100 vcapfb_dac (code) 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 v cap (v) 3351 g15 vcapfb_dac = 0xf temperature (c) 10 ?40 ?10 20 50 80 110 140 1.195 1.196 1.197 20 1.198 1.199 1.200 vcapfb (v) 3351 g16 0 1.7 3.4 5.1 6.8 30 8.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 efficiency (%) 3351 g17 maximum capacitor voltage ? v shunt (mv) 40 ?100 ?75 ?50 ?25 0 25 0 10 20 30 50 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 charge current (% of maximum) 3351 g18 60 70 10 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 pin functions cap_slct0, cap_slct 1 (pins 1, 2): cap_slct0 and cap_slct 1 set the number of super-capacitors used. refer to table 1 in the applications information section. vingd (pin 3): power-fail status output. this open-drain output is pulled low when v out is not powered from v in . scl (pin 4): clock pin for the i 2 c/smbus serial port. sda (pin 5): bidirectional data pin for the i 2 c/smbus serial port. smbalert (pin 6) : interrupt output. this open-drain output is pulled low when an alarm threshold is exceeded and will remain low until the acknowledgement of the part s response to an smbus ara. capgd (pin 7): capacitor power good. this open-drain output is pulled low when capfb is below v capfb(th) . vc (pin 8): control voltage pin. this is the compensation node for the charge current, input current, supercapacitor stack voltage and output voltage control loops. an rc network is needed between vc and sgnd. there is an internal compensation resistor in series with this pin. it is 1k in buck mode and 2k in boost mode. nominal voltage range for this pin is 1v to 3v. capfb (pin 9) : capacitor stack feedback pin. this pin closes the feedback loop for constant voltage regulation. an external resistor divider between v cap and sgnd with the center tap connected to capfb programs the final supercapacitor stack voltage. this pin is nominally equal to the output of the v cap dac when the synchronous controller is charging in constant voltage mode. outfb (pin 10): step-up mode feedback pin. this pin closes the feedback loop for voltage regulation of v out during input power failure using the synchronous control - ler in step-up mode. an external resistor divider between v out and sgnd with the center tap connected to outfb programs the minimum backup supply rail voltage when input power is unavailable. this pin is nominally 1.2v when in backup and the synchronous controller is not in current limit. to disable step-up mode tie outfb to intv cc . sgnd (pin 11): signal ground. all small-signal and com - pensation components should be connected to this pin, which in turn connects to pgnd. sgnd should connect to pgnd on top metal under the LTC3351 . pgnd should be connected to the ground plane with vias under the exposed pad (pin 45). this should be the only connection between sgnd and the ground plane. rt (pin 12) : timing resistor. the switching frequency of the synchronous controller is set by placing a resistor, rt, from this pin to sgnd. this resistor is always required. if not present the synchronous controller will not start. gpi (pin 13): general purpose input. the voltage on this pin is digitized directly by the adc. for high impedance inputs an internal buffer can be selected and used to drive the adc. the gpi pin can be connected to a negative temperature coefficient (ntc) thermistor to monitor the temperature of the supercapacitor stack. a low drift bias resistor is required from intv cc to gpi and a thermistor is required from gpi to ground. connect gpi to sgnd if not used. read the digitized voltage on this pin in the meas_gpi register. itst (pin 14): programming pin for capacitance test current. this current partially discharges the capacitor stack at a precise rate for capacitance measurement. this pin servos to 1.2v during a capacitor measurement. a resistor, rtst, from this pin to sgnd programs the test current. the resistor on this pin must be at least 20. current flows from vcap4 to this pin during this test and must not dissipate more than 300mw in the ic. caprtn (pin 15) : capacitor stack shunt return pin. connect this pin to the grounded bottom plate of the first supercapacitor in the stack through a shunt resistor. cap1 (pin 16): first supercapacitor pin. the top plate of the first supercapacitor and the bottom plate of the second supercapacitor are connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. ca p1 and caprtn are used to measure the voltage across the first supercapacitor and shunt cur - rent around the capacitor to provide balancing and prevent over voltage. the voltage between this pin and capr tn is digitized and is read in the meas_vcap1 register. lt c3351 3351f 11 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 pin functions cap2 (pin 17): second supercapacitor pin. the top plate of the second supercapacitor and the bottom plate of the third supercapacitor are connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. ca p2 and cap1 are used to measure the voltage across the second supercapacitor and to shunt current around the capacitor to provide balancing and prevent overvoltage. if not used, this pin should be shorted to cap1. the voltage between this pin and cap1 is digitized and is read in the meas_vcap2 register. cap3 (pin 18): third supercapacitor pin. the top plate of the third supercapacitor and the bottom plate of the fourth supercapacitor are connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. ca p3 and cap2 are used to measure the voltage across the third supercapacitor and shunt current around the capacitor to provide balancing and prevent overvolt - age. if not used, this pin should be shorted to ca p2. the voltage between this pin and ca p2 is digitized and is read in the meas_vcap3 register. cap4 (pin 19): fourth supercapacitor pin. the top plate of the fourth supercapacitor is connected to this pin through a shunt resistor. ca p4 and cap3 are used to measure the voltage on the capacitor and shunt current around the supercapacitor to provide balancing and prevent overvolt - age. if not used, this pin should be shorted to ca p3. the voltage between this pin and ca p3 is digitized and is read in the meas_vcap4 register. the capacitance test current set by the itst pin is pulled from this pin. cfp (pin 20): vcapp5 charge pump flying capacitor positive terminal. place a 6.3v 0.1f between cfp and cfn. cfn (pin 21): vcapp5 charge pump flying capacitor negative terminal. place a 6.3v 0.1f between cfp and cfn. vcapp5 (pin 22): charge pump output. the internal charge pump drives this pin to v cap + intv cc . it is used as the high side rail for the outfet gate drive and charge current sense amplifier. connect a 6.3v 0.1f capacitor from vcapp5 to v cap . outfet (pin 23): output ideal diode gate drive output. this pin controls the gate of an external n-channel mosfet used as an ideal diode between v out and v cap . the gate drive receives power from the internal charge pump output vcapp5 . connect the source of the n-channel mosfet to v cap and the drain to v out . if the output ideal diode mosfet is not used, outfet should be left floating. v cap (pin 24): supercapacitor stack voltage and charge current sense amplifier negative input. connect this pin to the top of the supercapacitor stack. the voltage at this pin is digitized and is read in the meas_vcap register. icap (pin 25): charge current sense amplifier positive input. the icap and v cap pins measure the voltage across the sense resistor, r snsc , to provide instantaneous cur - rent signals for the control loops and esr measurement system. the maximum charge current is 32mv/r snsc . the voltage between this pin and v cap is the charging/ discharge current as read in the meas_ichg register. vcc2p5 (pin 26): internal 2.5v regulator output. this regulator provides power to the internal logic circuitry only. decouple this pin to sgnd with a minimum 1f low esr ceramic capacitor. sw (pin 27): switch node connection to the inductor. the negative terminal of the boot-strap capacitor, cb, is con - nected to this pin. the voltage on this pin is also used as the sour ce reference for the top side n-channel mosfet gate drive. in step-down mode, the voltage swing on this pin is from a diode (external) for ward voltage below ground to v out . in step-up mode, the voltage swing is from ground to a diode forward voltage above v out . tgate (pin 28) : top gate driver output. this pin is the output of a floating gate driver for the top external n-channel mosfet. the voltage swing at this pin is ground to v out + drv cc . bst (pin 29): tgate driver supply input. the positive terminal of the boot-strap capacitor, cb, is connected to this pin. this pin swings from a diode voltage drop below drv cc up to v out + drv cc . bgate (pin 30) : bottom gate driver output. this pin drives the bottom external n-channel mosfet between pgnd and drv cc . drv cc (pin 31): power rail for the bottom gate driver. connect to intv cc or to an external supply. decouple this pin to ground with a minimum 6.3v 2.2f low esr ceramic capacitor. do not exceed 5.5v on this pin. lt c3351 3351f 12 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 intv cc (pin 32): internal 5v regulator output. the control circuits and gate drivers (when connected to drv cc ) are powered from this supply. if not connected to drv cc , decouple this pin to ground with a minimum 4.7f low esr ceramic capacitor. v out (pin 33) : output voltage supply. this pin supplies power to the LTC3351 after the hot swap start-up has finished. the switching controller charges the capacitor stack from the voltage at this pin and the LTC3351 backs up the voltage at this pin if the input voltage goes outside the ov/uv range or an input current fault occurs. retryb (pin 34) : retry comparator input. the hot swap controller will not attempt to connect v in and v out un- less this pin is below 200mv. this high voltage capable pin may be connected to v out if the system needs to be fully powered down before repowering after a power loss and backup. isnsm (pin 35): input current sense pin. this is the nega - tive input for both the hot swap current sense amplifier and the switching charger input current sense amplifier . isnsp_chg (pin 36): input current sense pin. this is the positive input for the switching charger input current sense amplifier. the switching charger will reduce charge current to keep the voltage between this pin and isnsm to 32mv. the current is measured using the sense resistor between this pin and isnsm and is measured by the adc and reported in the meas_iin register. isnsp_hs (pin 37): input current sense pin. this is the positive input for the hot swap input current sense ampli - fier. the hot swap controller will limit the voltage between this pin and isnsm to 48mv . this pin is also the input current sense for the circuit breaker function. css (pin 38): soft start and delay capacitor pin. a capaci - tor from this pin to v out determines both the maximum dv/dt of v out during the power up and the debounce delay from ov and uv becoming good before attempting to reconnect v in and v out . src (pin 39) : hot swap/input fets source pin. this pin senses the source voltage of the hot swap and input fets. hs_gate (pin 40): hot swap/input fets gate pin. this pin controls the external hot swap/input fets. this pin is pulled up to, at most, v intvcc above the v out pin. v in (pin 41) : external dc power source input and sense pin. for v in voltages greater than 8v, a 100 resistor in series with this pin is required. the voltage at this pin is digitized and is reported in the meas_vin register. uv (pin 42): power-fail comparator input. when the voltage at this pin drops below v uv(th) , the hot swap controller is disconnected, the part enters backup mode and vingd is pulled low. ov (pin 43): power-fail comparator input. when the volt - age at this pin exceeds v ov(th) , the hot swap controller is disconnected, the part enters backup mode and vingd is pulled low. ctimer (pin 44): fault and retry timing capacitor. a capacitor from this pin to sgnd programs the fault and retry timing. during an over current fault condition this capacitor is charged with i timer(up) (400a). once this pin voltage exceeds v timer(th) (1.2v) a fault is declared and v out is disconnected from v in . this pin is continuously discharged with i timer(dn) ( 2a ), and once it discharges to 300mv , and retryb is low, the hot swap controller will again attempt to reconnect v in and v out . pgnd (exposed pad pin 45) : power ground. for rated thermal performance connect the exposed pad to a con - tinuous ground plane on the second layer of the printed circuit board by several vias directly under the LTC3351. connect the exposed pad to the sgnd pin on top copper. pin functions lt c3351 3351f 13 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 block diagram 16 v in 1k (buck) 2k (boost) v peak lt c3351 3351f vcapfb_dac osc 2.5v ldo start-up ldo shunt controller cap3 balancer shunt controller cap2 vcapfb_dac balancer shunt controller cap1 balancer shunt controller cap r tn itst balancer v + ? v ref 3351 bd gpibuf + ? capfb mu l tiplexer in cap_slct0 cap_slct1 smbalert sda scl + ? 41 44 40 capfb 35 33 23 20 21 22 24 25 29 28 outfb 27 31 30 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 vc 11 pgnd 45 4 5 6 2 1 3 7 r t 26 32 12 8 10 9 38 v ref 43 in t v 42 uv ov css ctimer 39 hot swap controller hs_gate src isnsm cc 36 isnsp_chg 37 isnsp_hs retryb 34 vingd + v out + ? x3 7 .5 i chg 5v ldo ? d/a 16-bit a/d v ref in t v cc + ? x3 7 v fr .5 i in v ref + ? v ref v out in t v i ref + ? + ? + ? outfet cfn cc vcapp5 cfp v cap icap bst tg a te sw + ? charge v pump d r v cc bg a te cap4 bidirectional switching controller logic vcc2p5 ref i in ichg vcap v out v in cap4 cap3 vcapfb_dac[3:0] cap2 cap1 cap r tn dtemp capgd gpi sgnd bandgap v ref 14 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 timing diagram definition of timing for f/s mode devices on the i 2 c bus sda scl s sr p s t hd(sda) s = start, sr = repeated start, p = stop t hd(dat) t su(sta) t su(sto) t su(dat) t low t hd(sda) t sp t buf t r t f t r t f t high 3351 td i 2 c/smbus legend s start condition sr repeated start condition rd read (bit value of 1) wr write (bit value of 0) a acknowledge n nack p stop condition pec* packet error code master to slave slave to master smbus write word protocol s slave address wr a command code a data byte low a data byte high a p smbus write word with pec protocol s slave address wr a command code a data byte low a data byte high a pec* a p smbus read word protocol s slave address wr a command code a sr slave address rd a data byte low a data byte high n p smbus read word with pec protocol s slave address wr a command code a sr slave address rd a data byte low a data byte high a pec* n p smbus alert response address protocol s alert response address rd a device address rd n p smbus alert response address protocol with pec s alert response address rd a device address rd a pec* n p *use of packet error checking is optional lt c3351 3351f 15 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation introduction the LTC3351 is a highly integrated backup power controller and system monitor. it features a bidirectional switching controller, hot swap controller, output ideal diode, super - capacitor shunts/balancers, under and over voltage com - parators, a 16-bit adc, and i 2 c/smbus programmability with status reporting. if v in is within externally programmable uv/ov threshold voltages, the hot swap controller connects v in to v out and the synchronous switching controller operates in step-down mode charging a stack of supercapacitors. a programmable input current limit ensures that the su - percapacitors will automatically be charged at the highest possible charge current that the input can support. if v in goes outside the uv/ov thresholds, or if the hot swap controller s circuit breaker trips, or if a simulated failure is requested, then the hot swap controller will disconnect v out from v in and the synchronous controller will run in reverse as a step-up converter to deliver power from the supercapacitor stack to v out . an ideal diode controller drives an external mosfet to provide a low loss power path from v cap to v out . this ideal diode works seamlessly with the bidirectional controller to provide power from the supercapacitors to v out . the hot swap controller utilizes two back-to-back mosfets to control inrush, provide a short circuit breaker function and prevent back driving v in while in backup mode. the LTC3351 provides balancing and overvoltage protec - tion to a series stack of one to four supercapacitors. the internal capacitor voltage balancers eliminate the need for external balance resistors. over voltage protection is provided by shunt regulators that use an internal switch and an external resistor across each super capacitor. the LTC3351 monitors system voltages, currents, and its own die temperature. a general purpose input (gpi) pin is provided to measure an additional system parameter or implement a thermistor measurement. in addition, the LTC3351 can measure the capacitance and equivalent series resistance of the supercapacitor stack. this provides indication of the health of the supercapacitors and, along with the v cap voltage measurement, provides information on the total energy stored and the maximum power that can be delivered. operations example the LTC3351 is a highly integrated circuit with many features and operating modes. to better explain the opera - tions of the LTC3351, a simplified example will be used. this example is graphically shown in figure?1 and will be referred to throughout. due to the widely varying time scales of the events with which the LTC3351 operates, the time axis of figure?1 is not to scale. the example begins with v in and v cap at 0v. v in is applied suddenly at the point labeled hot plug . there is a very small inrush current into the drain capacitance of the hot swap fet connected to v in , this is shown as a small spike on the i in waveform. this spike is very small in either duration or amplitude, depending on the rise rate of v in . during the time labeled debounce, the LTC3351 quali - fies the input as good using the uv and ov comparators and expires an input debounce timer using the c ss pin. once this debounce time has passed, the LTC3351 begins turning on the hot swap fets to charge the capacitance on v out in a controlled way, during which time both the input current and rise rate of v out are controlled. this results in a low constant i in current while the v out capacitance is charged. once v out has been charged to v in , the charger is allowed to start charging the supercapacitors. for this example ; at the beginning of the charge cycle the supercapacitors are fully discharged. the charger will begin with constant current charging of the supercapacitors. since the capacitor voltage is very low, the power delivered is very low. this low power delivery results in a low input current despite high charge current. as the voltage on the supercapacitors rises, the delivered power also rises and thus the input current also rises. this constant current phase of charging is labeled cc charging. in this example i out , the downstream system load, turns on during the constant current phase of charging. when this happens is outside the control of the LTC3351 and its timing in this example is arbitrary. since output current lt c3351 3351f 16 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation is supplied from v in via the hot swap fets this step in load current directly causes a step in input current. the charge current is unaffected by this load step because the LTC3351 is not in input current limit. as the supercapacitors charge, their voltage increases and the input current increases due to the increasing power being delivered to the supercapacitors. in this example the increasing input current reaches the input current limit at the beginning of the time labeled cp charging. with a constant input voltage, input current limit causes the LTC3351 to effectively have an input power limit. depending on the settings of the input current limit, charge current limit, charge voltage, system load current and input voltage the charging phase of operation may or may not reach the input current limit. during the constant power phase of charging, the charge current decreases as the charge voltage increases to maintain constant input power. this results in a slowing rate of charge as the charger approaches constant volt - age charging. once v cap reaches the programmed charge voltage, the constant voltage phase of charging begins. this is labeled cv charging. during constant voltage charging, current is being deliv - ered to the supercapacitors and there is a voltage drop across their internal esr (equivalent series resistance). the LTC3351 holds the v cap voltage constant during this phase. holding the v cap voltage constant allows the voltage across this esr to fall towards zero as the internal capacitance is charged to v cap . during this time the charge current decays toward the leakage current of the capacitors. the LTC3351 cv charges forever, waiting for a power failure, while keeping the capacitors charged, balanced and ready for backup. while fully charged and standing by for backup, the LTC3351 can also measure the esr and capacitance of the batteries if requested (not shown in figure?1). this is the condition the LTC3351 is likely to spend most time in, assuming input power loss is infrequent as is typically the case. when power does fail, as labeled power failure in figure?1, the ov or uv comparators detect the power failure at the input. the hot swap fet is turned off to isolate v out from v in . once the fet is off, v out immediately falls to v cap (or the programmed boost voltage if it is higher, however in figure?1. vin vcap vout iin icap iout hot plug debounce cc charging cp charging cv charging and balancing power failure ideal diode backup time (not to scale) 0 0 voltage current inrush control boost backup lt c3351 3351f 3351 f01 17 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation figure?2. power path block diagram - power available from v in this example it is not). the ideal diode fet between v cap and v out is turned on during the time labeled ideal diode backup. while operating in ideal diode backup, power is supplied directly from the capacitors without conversion. v cap is discharged during this time and v out falls along with v cap . once the v out voltage approaches the programmed boost voltage, the boost converter is turned on and the ideal diode turned off. the boost converter then supplies the output at constant voltage. as the capacitor voltage falls, the capacitor current must increase to supply the constant power load at v out . this continues until either the boost reaches its current limit or exhausts the available energy in the capacitors. this time is labeled boost backup. bidirectional switching controllerstep-down mode the bidirectional switching controller is designed to charge a series stack of supercapacitors (figure?2). charging pro - ceeds at a constant current until the supercapacitors reach their maximum charge voltage determined by the capfb ser vo voltage and the resistor divider between v cap and capfb. the maximum charge current is determined by the value of the sense resistor, r snsc , connected in series with the inductor. the charge current loop servos the voltage across the sense resistor to 32mv. when charging begins, an internal soft-start ramp gradually increases the charge current. the v cap voltage and charge current are read from the meas_vcap and meas_ichg registers, respectively. lt c3351 3351f bidirectional switching controller step-down mode v ref i in v in v in LTC3351 hs_gate isnsp_chg isnsm v out (to system) + tgate i chg bgate icap v cap r snsc r snsi 3351 f02 + ? + i ref v ref capacitor voltage controller + ? + ? capfb vc 37.5 + d/a vcapfb_dac[3:0] + ? src isnsp_hs hot swap controller 37.5 + + ? input current controller charge current controller 18 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation the LTC3351 provides constant power charging (for a fixed v in ) by limiting the input current drawn by the switching controller in step-down mode. the charger input current limit will reduce charge current to limit the voltage between isnsp_chg and isnsm, typically across r snsi , to 32mv. if the combined system load plus supercapacitor charge current is large enough to cause the switching controller to reach the programmed input current limit, the input current limit loop will reduce the charge current by pre - cisely the amount necessary to enable the external load to be satisfied. even if the charge current is programmed to exceed the allowable input current, the input current limit will not be violated ; the supercapacitor charger will reduce its current as needed. the input current is read from the meas_iin register. bidirectional switching controllerstep-up mode the bidirectional switching controller acts as a step-up converter to provide power from the supercapacitors to v out when input power is unavailable (figure?3). vingd low enables step-up mode. v out regulation is set by a resistor divider between v out and outfb. to disable step-up mode tie outfb to intv cc . step-up mode is often used with the output ideal diode. if the v out regulation voltage is set below the capacitor stack voltage, upon removal of input power, power to v out is provided from the supercapacitor stack via the output ideal diode. v cap and v out will decrease as the load cur - rent discharges the supercapacitor stack. the output ideal diode will shut off and v out will fall a pn diode (~700mv) below v cap when the voltage on outfb falls below 1.3v (v outfb(th) ). if outfb falls below 1.2v when the output ideal diode shuts off, the synchronous step-up controller will turn on immediately to regulate outfb to 1.2v by providing power from the supercapacitor stack. if outfb is above 1.2v when the output ideal diode shuts off, the load current will flow through the body diode of the output ideal diode n-channel mosfet for a period of time until outfb falls to 1.2v. figure?3. power path block diagram - power backup lt c3351 3351f v fr output voltage controller bidirectional switching controller step-up mode v ref LTC3351 v out v out (to system) v cap > v out v cap < v out tgate + outfet outfb bgate icap v cap r snsc 3351 f03 vc + ? + + + + ? + ? 19 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation the synchronous controller in step-up mode will run nonsynchronously when v cap is less than 90mv (v duvlo falling) below v out . it will run synchronously when v cap falls 200mv (v duvlo rising) below v out . hot swap controller upon applying power to v in , the LTC3351 will immedi- ately turn on a strong pull down on the hs_gate pin to prevent the external fets from conducting current from v in to v out . during the initial v in rise the LTC3351 may limit the rise rate of the voltage at the v in pin by drawing current through the 100 resistor in series with the pin. the LTC3351 will then drive the intv cc pin to 3.6v using current from the v in pin. once the intv cc voltage is greater than 3.3v the hot swap turn-on sequence will begin. if both the under voltage (uv) and (ov) comparators are in range, the css pin will begin to source 1a of current, charging the c ss capacitor. once the css pin reaches 1.2v and the retryb pin is below 200mv (v th(retryb) ) the lt c3351 will begin the process of connecting v in and v out using the external fets. the lt c3351 will begin pull - ing up on the h s_ gate pin using 24a ( i hs_gate(up) ) of current. as v out begins to rise, the capacitor from v out to the css pin provides feedback to the lt c3351 about the rise rate of the output. therefore, the sizing of the c ss capacitor determines the maximum slew rate of v out and the inrush current. during the ramp up of hs_gate and v out , both the cur - rent limit and the circuit breaker are active. v in to v out differential foldback reduces both the current limit and circuit breaker threshold while charging the output capaci - tor ; this reduces the required soa of the hot swap fets. i f, at any time, the under voltage (uv) or overvoltage (ov) comparators go out of range, or if the ctimer pin reaches 1.2v (v timer(th) ), the lt c3351 will declare a fault and quickly turn off the external fet by grounding hs_gate . the fet sources will be kept within a safe voltage of the gate by the src pin. once a fault is declared the lt c3351 s backup controller will begin supplying power to v out from the energy stored in the capacitor stack. this will continue until either a new turn-on sequence occurs, the supercapacitor stored energy is depleted, or the boost is disabled via i 2 c/smbus. the LTC3351 will limit the current from v in to v out through the external fets using the voltage across the current sense resistor(s) sensed using the isnsp_hs and isnsm pins. when v out is within 1v of v in the LTC3351 will limit the voltage across the isnsp_hs and isnsm pins to 48mv (v ilim(th) ). to limit power in the external fet this limit is folded back to 10mv as the voltage from v in to v out increases from 1v to 10v. above 10v the limit remains at 10mv . this current limit is separate from the switching charger s input current limit. the switching charger s input current limit is unaffected by the above described fold back. the LTC3351 s ctimer pin will source current when the input current is within 1.66% of the input current limit. as with the input current limit, this threshold is folded back as the voltage from v in to v out increases. the current sourced from the ctimer pin to the c timer capacitor is about 400a (i timer(up) ). once the voltage at the ctimer pin exceeds 1.2v (v timer(th) rising) a fault is declared and the turn-off sequence is initiated. the ctimer pin has a static 2a (i timer(dn) ) load that discharges the c timer capacitor. once a fault is declared the ctimer pin must fall below 300mv before the turn-on sequence is re-attempted. retryb pin the LTC3351 s retryb pin determines if the LTC3351 tries to connect v in and v out after a fault. the faults are uv, ov, circuit breaker (ctimer), or a simulated fault programmed via the i 2 c/smbus port by setting ctl_hotswap_disable. if the retryb pin is low (v th(retryb) below 200mv) the LTC3351 will try to connect v in and v out using the hot swap controller. the retryb pin is high voltage tolerant and high impedance. a divider from v out to retryb al - lows a precise threshold to be set. this can be used to ensure the system completely powers down following a failure before re-powering. vingd pin the vingd pin indicates that the input voltage is within the ov /uv range and the system is powered from v in . for vingd to be high, the voltage at uv must be above 1.2v (v ov rising) the voltage at ov must be below 1.17v (v uv falling), the circuit breaker must not be tripped, the hot swap must not be disabled via i 2 c/smbus, and the hot lt c3351 3351f 20 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation swap controller must have completed connecting v in and v out . the state of the vingd pull down is read from the vingd bit in the sys_status register. if uv is set to a level near or less than the charge voltage of the capacitors, v in becomes high impedance and the v out load is very low, it is possible for a small amount of current to flow from v cap to v in through v out due to the maximum duty cycle operation. in this condition, the high duty cycle buck is effectively a reverse low duty cycle boost. the boost has a small amount of output current that holds v in above v cap and possibly uv, causing the part to falsely indicate vingd. eventually v cap will be discharged below the programmed uv threshold and vingd will indicate correctly. this situation can be avoided by programming the uv threshold at least 3% above the capacitor charge voltage. ideal diode the LTC3351 has an ideal diode controller that drives an external n-channel mosfet between v cap and v out . the ideal diode consists of a precision amplifier that drives the gates of n-channel mosfets whenever the voltage at v out is approximately 30mv (v fr ) below the voltage at v cap . within the amplifiers linear range, the small-signal resistance of the ideal diode will be quite low, keeping the forward drop near 30mv. at higher current levels, the mosfets will be in full conduction. the ideal diode provides a path for the supercapacitors to power v out when v in is unavailable or the hot swap control - ler is disconnected. in addition to a fast-off comparator, the ideal diode also has a fast-on comparator that turns on the external mosfet when v out drops 65mv (v fto ) below v cap . the ideal diode will shut off when outfb is just above regulation allowing the synchronous controller to power v out in step-up mode. gate drive supply (drv cc ) the bottom gate driver is powered from the drv cc pin, which is normally connected to the intv cc pin. an ex - ternal ldo can also be used to power the gate drivers to minimize power dissipation inside the LTC3351 . see the applications information section for details. switcher/charger undervoltage lockout (uvlo) internal undervoltage lockout circuits monitor both the intv cc and drv cc pins. the switching controller is kept off until intv cc rises above v uvlo ( 4.3v ) and drv cc rises above v drvuvlo (4.2v). the controller is disabled if either intv cc falls below 4v or drv cc falls below 3.9v. charging is disabled until v out is v duvlo ( 200mv ) above the supercapacitor voltage and vingd is high. charging is disabled when v out falls to within 90mv of the super - capacitor voltage or when vingd is low. r t oscillator and switching frequency the r t pin is used to program the switching frequency. a resistor, r t , from this pin to ground sets the switching frequency according to: f sw mhz ( ) = 53.5 r t k ( ) r t also sets the scale factor for the capacitor measure - ment value reported in the meas_cap register, described in the esr and capacitance measurement section of this data sheet. switching controller input over voltage protection input over voltage protection turns off both switching controller switches if v in exceeds v ovlo (38.6v). the controller will resume switching if v in falls below 37.2v. the hot swap controller is unaffected by this and uses its own programmable ov threshold. v cap dac the feedback reference for the capfb servo point is programmed using an internal 4- bit digital-to-analog converter (dac). the reference voltage is programmable from 0.6375v (v capfblo ) to 1.2v (v capfbhi ) in 37.5mv increments. the dac defaults to 0xa (v capfb_def 1.0125v) and is programmed via the vcapfb_dac register. supercapacitors lose capacitance as they age. by initially setting the v cap dac to a low setting, the final charge voltage on the supercapacitors can be increased as they age to maintain a constant level of stored backup en - ergy throughout the lifetime of the supercapacitors. the lt c3351 3351f 21 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation capacitance and esr measurement system may tempo- rarily increase this dac to a value as much as full scale ( 1.2v) during the esr test. if using the capacitance and esr test, the highest usable dac setting will be determined by the voltage increase between that setting and 1.2v at the capfb pin, wherein the capacitor stacks voltage increases by 1.25 times the voltage specified in cap_delta_v_setting. charge status indication the LTC3351 includes a comparator to report the status of the supercapacitors via an open-drain nmos transis - tor on the capgd pin. this pin pulls to ground until the capfb pin voltage rises to within nominally 8% of the v cap dac setting. once the capfb pin is above this threshold, the capgd pin goes high impedance. the output of this comparator may also be read from the cappg bit in the sys_status register. capacitor voltage balancer the LTC3351 has an integrated active stack balancer. this balancer slowly balances all of the capacitor voltages to within approximately 10mv of each other. this maximizes the life of the supercapacitors by keeping the voltage on each as low as possible to achieve the needed total stack voltage. when the difference between any two capacitor voltages exceeds approximately 10mv, the capacitor with the largest voltage is discharged with a resistive balancer (approximately 75 until all capacitor voltages are within 10mv). the balancers can be disabled by setting the ctl_disable_balancer bit. capacitor shunt regulators during charging, the capacitors are protected from over - voltage. the capacitors in the stack will not have exactly the same capacitance due to manufacturing tolerances or uneven aging. this will cause the capacitor voltages to increase at different rates with the same charge current. if this mismatch is severe enough or if the capacitors are being charged to near their maximum voltage, it becomes necessary to limit the voltage increase on some capacitors while still charging the other capacitors. up to 500ma of current may be shunted around a capacitor whose voltage is approaching the programmable shunt voltage. this shunt current reduces the charge rate of that capacitor relative to the other capacitors. if a capacitor continues to approach its shunt voltage, the stack charge current is reduced. this protects the capacitor from overvoltage while still charging the other capacitors, although at a reduced rate of charge. when shunting, the internal switch may be on more than 96% duty cycle. the shunts are disabled by setting the ctl_disable_shunt bit. the shunt voltage is programmable in the vshunt register. shunt voltages may be programmed in 183.5v increments. if a voltage greater than 3.6v is programmed, the charge current will be reduced as that voltage is approached but the shunt will not turn on. the default value is 0x 3999, resulting in a shunt voltage of approximately 2.7v. see register map for more information. i 2 c/smbus and smbalert the LTC3351 contains an i 2 c/smbus compatible port. this port allows communication with the LTC3351 for configuration and reading back telemetry data. the port supports two smbus formats, read word and write word. these may be used with or without the packet error code (pec) feature. refer to the smbus specification for de - tails of these formats and pec. the registers accessible via this port are organized on an 8- bit address bus and each register is 16 bits wide. the command code (or sub-address) of the smbus read/write word formats is the 8- bit address of each of these registers. the address of the LTC3351 is 0b0001001. the smbalert pin is asserted (pulled low) whenever an enabled limit is exceeded or when an enabled status event happens (see the limit checking and alarms and the monitor status register sections of this data sheet). the LTC3351 will de-assert the smbalert pin only after responding to a smbus alert response address (ara), an smbus protocol used to respond to a smbalert. the host will read from the ara (0b0001100) and each part asserting smbalert will begin to respond with its address. the responding parts arbitrate in such a way that only the part with the lowest address responds completely. only when a part has responded with its entire address does it release the smbalert signal. if multiple parts are asserting the smbalert signal then multiple reads lt c3351 3351f 22 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation from the ara are needed. for more information refer to the smbus specification. details on the registers accessible through this interface are available in the register map section of this data sheet. for i 2 c masters unable to create the repeated start needed for the read and write word protocols, a stop followed by a start may be substituted. analog-to-digital converter the LTC3351 has an integrated 16-bit sigma-delta analog- to-digital converter (adc). this converter is automatically multiplexed between the measured channels. its results are stored in registers accessible via the i 2 c/smbus port. there are 11 channels measured by the adc, each of which takes approximately 800s to measure. in addition to providing status information about the system voltages and currents, some of these measurements are used by the LTC3351 to balance, protect (shunt), and measure the capacitors in the stack. the result of each analog-to-digital conversion is stored in a 16- bit register as a signed, two s complement number. to reduce average quiescent current, the effective duty cycle of the adc can be reduced by programming adc_wait_vin and/or adc_wait_backup. each register inserts a delay in the adcs measurement cycle during its respective mode of operation. each lsb of these registers has a weight of approximately 400s. at some times, such as when shunting or making capacitance and esr measurement, these settings may be temporarily ignored. measurements of individual channels may be enabled or disabled by set - ting the appropriate bit in adc_backup_ch_en_reg and adc_vin_ch_en_reg . the measurements from the adc are stored to meas_vca p1 , meas_vca p2 , meas_vca p3 , meas_vca p4 , meas_gpi , meas_vin, meas_vcap, meas_vout, meas_iin, meas_ichg and meas_dtemp. esr and capacitance measurement the LTC3351 monitors the health of a supercapacitor stack by measuring the capacitance and the esr. both the capacitance and esr are measured in a single test. the LTC3351 measures esr by applying and measuring a current step with the high efficiency charger and measur - ing the change in voltage. the capacitance is measured by discharging a fixed voltage with a known current and measuring time. the esr and capacitance measurement sequence, initiated by setting ctl_start_cap_esr_meas, is: 1. the mon_meas_active and mon_esr_meas_active bits become high if the capacitors are charged, otherwise, mon_capesr_pending becomes high. 2. the charger is configured to charge at a pre-set cur - rent up to a full vcapfb_dac setting, this current is set using an 8 bit dac controlled either by: a. an internal algorithm that selects the optimal cur - rent based on the previous capacitor measurement (assuming the LTC3351 is not in input current limit) b. an override setting, programmed in esr_i_override , is used if non-zero. if it is likely the LTC3351 will operate in input current limit while charging, then this should be set low enough to avoid input current limit. 3. the measurement system waits esr_i_on_settling for the current and capacitor effects to stabilize. each lsb of esr_i_on_settling is 1024 switcher periods. 4. a series of measurements of capacitor voltages and charge currents are made. the charger is then tem - porarily shut off. 5. the measurement system waits esr_i_off_settling for the current and capacitor effects to stabilize. each lsb of esr_i_off_settling is 1024 switcher periods. 6. a series of measurements of capacitor voltages and charger currents are made. from these measurements, and the previous measurements, the esr is calculated and stored in meas_esr. 7. the capacitors will be charged to at least 1.25 ? cap_delta_v_setting above their initial voltage (as measured at step 1). if the capacitor voltage reaches the maximum charge voltage (v capfb = 1.2v ), then the test will stop trying to charge and continue without fully charging. the test may fail later due to this. if the charger is unable lt c3351 3351f 23 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation to reach 1.25? ?? cap_delta_v_setting above the initial voltage with capfb less than 1.2v , it will continue trying to charge indefinitely. this may occur if the charger is limited by the input voltage and maximum duty cycle of the buck charger. this may also occur if there is no charge current available due to system load exceeding the input current limit. if either of these conditions oc - curs, the test will remain in this condition indefinitely. 8. the charger is temporarily disabled. the mon_cap_ meas_active bit becomes high, the mon_esr_meas_ active bit becomes low and the itst current is enabled. after a time set by cap_i_on_settling , a series of voltage measurements is made. 9. the capacitor stack is discharged a fixed voltage (set by cap_delta_v_setting) from the voltage measured in the previous step using the itst current ( 1.2v/rtst, up to 60ma or 300mw). this voltage is measured using the cap1-4 pins. 10. the time required to discharge by this fixed voltage is measured. it is then scaled for cap_delta_v_setting and stored as meas_cap. 11. the charger stays off and the itst current stays on until the stack voltage returns to the voltage set by vcapfb_dac. 12. the charger is turned back on and the itst current is turned off. the mon_meas_active bit goes low. figure?4 shows this sequence graphically. this measurement is only initiated when the ctl_start_ cap_esr_meas bit is set. the results of the measurement can be checked against limits and issue a smbalert if limits are exceeded, see the limit checking and alarms section of this data sheet. the measurement of capacitance and esr can fail if power fails during the test or if the capacitor stack is discharged below the capgd threshold. the test will also fail if ctl_stop_cap_esr_meas is set. if it does fail, mon_meas_failed will be set. monitor status register the LTC3351 has a monitor status register (monitor_ status_reg) containing status bits to indicate the state of the capacitance and esr monitoring system. these bits are set and cleared by the capacitor monitor upon certain events during a capacitor and esr measurement, as de - scribed in the esr and capacitance measurement section. there is a corresponding monitor status mask register (monitor_status_mask_reg ). writing a one to any of these bits will cause the smbalert pin to pull low when the corresponding bit in monitor_status_reg has a rising edge. this allows reduced polling of the LTC3351 when waiting for a capacitance or esr measurement to complete. details of monitor_status_reg and monitor_status_ mask_reg can be found in the register map section of this data?sheet. extrapolated measurement vcap icap esr_m1, esr_m2 esr_m0 esr_m3 real voltage ideal voltage 1.25 ? cap_delta_v_setting vcapfb_dac vcap setting chrg_cv indication meas_cap esr_i_off_settling esr_i_on_settling cap_i_on_settling esr measurement capacitance measurement cap_m0 (difference) capacitance measurement precharge current (1/4 full scale) esr test current (automatic or esr_i_override) softstart softstart 0 ?itst 3351 f04 cap_delta_v_setting figure?4. lt c3351 3351f 24 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation system status register the sys_status register contains data about the state of the charger, switcher and comparators. details of this register may be found in the register map section of this data sheet. limit checking and alarms the LTC3351 has a limit checking function that will check each measured value against i 2 c/smbus programmable limits. this feature is optional and all of the limits are dis - abled by default. the limit checking is designed to simplify system monitoring, eliminating the need to continuously poll the LTC3351 for measurement data. if a measured parameter goes outside of the programmed level of an enabled limit, the associated bit in the alarm_reg register is set high and the smbalert pin is pulled low. this informs the i 2 c/smbus host that a limit has been exceeded. the alarm_reg may then be read to determine exactly which programmed limits have been exceeded. a single adc is shared between the 11 channels with about 9ms between consecutive measurements of the same channel. in a transient condition, it is possible for these parameters to exceed their programmed levels in between consecutive adc measurements without setting the alarm. once the LTC3351 has responded to an smbus ara the smbalert pin is released. the LTC3351 will not pull the pin low again until another limit is exceeded. to reset a limit that has been exceeded write a zero to the respec - tive bit in the alarm_reg register . when writing alarm_reg, zeros will clear their respective bits in the register, ones will be ignored. a number of the LTC3351s registers are used for limit checking. individual limits are enabled or disabled in alarm_mask_reg. once an enabled alarms measured value exceeds the programmed level for that alarm the alarm is set. that alarm may only be cleared by writing a zero to the appropriate bit of alarm_reg. all alarms that have been set and have not yet been cleared may be read in the alarm_reg. all of the individual measured voltages have a correspond - ing undervoltage (uv) and overvoltage (ov) alarm level. all of the individual capacitor voltages are compared to the same alarm levels, set in cap_ov_lvl and cap_uv_lvl. the input current measurement has an overcurrent (oc) alarm programmed in iin_oc_lvl . the charge current has an undercurrent alarm programmed in ichg_uc_lvl. die temperature sensor the LTC3351 has an integrated die temperature sensor monitored by the adc and digitized to meas_dtemp. an alarm is configured on die temperature by setting dtemp_cold_lvl and/or dtemp_hot_lvl and enabling their respective alarms in alarm_mask_reg . to convert the code in the meas_dtemp register to degrees celsius use the following: t die (c) = 0.0295 ? meas_dtemp C 274c general purpose input the general purpose input (gpi) pin is used to measure an additional system parameter where the voltage on this pin is digitized by the adc. for high impedance inputs, an internal buffer may be selected and used to drive the adc. this buffer is enabled by setting the ctl_gpi_buffer_en bit in the ctl_reg register. with this buffer, the input range is limited from 0v to 3.5v. if this buffer is not used, the range is from 0v to 5v , however, the input stage of the adc will draw about 0.8a per volt from this pin. the adc input is a switched capacitor amplifier running at about 2mhz , so this current draw will be at that frequency. the pin current can be eliminated at the cost of reduced range and increased offset by enabling the buffer. alarms are available for this pin voltage with levels programmed using gpi_uv_lvl and gpi_ov_lvl . these alarms are enabled using the mask_alarm_gpi_uv and mask_alarm_gpi_ov bits in alarm_mask_reg. to monitor the temperature of the supercapacitor stack, the gpi pin can be connected to a negative temperature coefficient (ntc) thermistor. a low drift bias resistor is required from intv cc to gpi and a thermistor is required from gpi to ground. connect gpi to sgnd if not used. lt c3351 3351f 25 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 operation figure?5. v in ov uv outfb retryb intv cc capslct0 cap_slct1 vingd scl sda smbalert capgd vc capfb rt gpi vcc2p5 css ctimer itst drv cc bgate bst tgate sw icap v cap cfn cfp vcapp5 outfet caprtn cap1 cap2 cap3 cap4 3351 f05 LTC3351 internal diodes substrate diodes not shown internal diodes the LTC3351 has numerous internal diodes as part of its circuits and esd protection structures. in normal opera - tion, these diodes are reverse biased. figure?5 shows all the diodes except the substrate diodes. these substrate diodes have their anode connect to ground and their cathodes connect to every pin except sw. lt c3351 3351f hs_gate src isnsp_hs isnsm v out isnsp_chg 26 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information digital configuration although the LTC3351 has extensive digital features, none are mandatory for basic use. the shunt voltage is programmed via vshunt, which has a default value of 2.7v . the capacitor voltage feedback reference defaults to 1.0125v (v capfb_def ) and is set using vcapfb_dac. if these values are acceptable, no software is required for basic use. all other digital features are optional, most for system monitoring. the adc automatically runs and stores con - versions to registers (e.g., meas_vcap). capacitance and esr measurements only run if requested. each measured parameter has programmable limits (e.g., vcap_uv_lvl and vcap_ov_lvl) which may trigger an alarm and smbalert when enabled. all alarms are disabled by default. capacitor configuration the LTC3351 is used with one to four supercapacitors. if fewer than four capacitors are used, the capacitors must be populated from caprtn to ca p4, and the unused cap pins must be tied to the highest used cap pin. for example, if three capacitors are used, tie cap4 to cap3. if only two capacitors are used, tie both cap4 and cap3 to cap2. the number of capacitors used must be programmed on the cap_slct 0 and cap_slct1 pins by tying the pins to vcc2p5 for a one and ground for a zero as shown in table 1. the value programmed on these pins is read back from num_caps via i 2 c/smbus. table 1. number of capacitors num_caps register cap_slct1 cap_slct0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 3 2 1 0 4 3 1 1 capacitor shunt regulator programming v shunt is programmed via the vshunt register and defaults to 2.7v at initial power-up. v shunt serves to limit the voltage on any individual capacitor by turning on a shunt around that capacitor as the voltage approaches v shunt . caprtn, ca p1, cap2, cap3 and cap4 are connected to the supercapacitors through resistors which serve as ballasts for the internal shunts. the shunt current is ap - proximately v shunt divided by twice the shunt resistance value. for a v shunt of 2.7v, 2.7 resistors should be used for 500ma of shunt current. if the shunts are disabled, the shunt resistors must be populated with 100. since the shunt current is less than what the switcher can supply, the on-chip logic will automatically reduce the charging current to allow the shunt to protect the capacitor. this greatly reduces the charge rate once any shunt is activated. for this reason, program v shunt as high as possible to reduce the likelihood of it activating during a charge cycle. ideally, v shunt is set high enough so that any likely capacitor mismatches would not cause the shunts to turn on. this keeps the charger operating at the highest possible charge current and reduces the charge time. if the shunts never turn on, the charge cycle completes quickly and the balancers eventually equalize the voltage on the capacitors. the shunt setting may also be used to discharge the capacitors for testing, storage or other purposes. simulated power failure the LTC3351 has the ability to simulate a power failure by setting ctl_hotswap_disable . this causes the hot swap controller to disconnect v out from v in and indicate power has failed exactly as if it would had power actually failed. in this configuration all power consumption downstream will be supplied by the supercapacitors either through the ideal diode or the boost converter. if, during this test, the stored energy is exhausted, then v out will collapse, just as in a real power failure. at the end of the simulated failure test, the ctl_hotswap_disable bit must be cleared to allow the hot swap to reconnect v in to v out . the min_vout_hs_disable register may be used to automati - cally clear ctl_hotswap_disable if v out falls below the programmed voltage. clearing the ctl_hotswap_disable does not force the hot swap to reconnect, it only allows it to reconnect if its usual conditions are met, mainly that ov, uv and retryb voltages are correct. if the hot swap is re-enabled while there is system load current, it is considered a hot reconnect and is discussed in the hot reconnects section of this data sheet. lt c3351 3351f 27 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 hot swap component selection the hot swap controller will servo the hs_gate pin to regulate the voltage across the sense resistor(s) between isnsp_hs and isnsm to be, at most, 48mv (v ilim(th) ) . this current limit is folded back as the voltage between v in and v out increases to 12v, at which point the regulation voltage drops to 12mv and no further. the css capacitor is used both to set an input qualifica - tion delay (debounce) and to limit the v out dv/dt rate to limit the inrush current. dv out /dt = 48a/c ss t delay = 1.2v ? c ss 1a the primary concern when selecting a css capacitor value is to select a value large enough to slow the v out rise rate such that the input current stays below the minimum hot swap current limit due to foldback. the following equa - tions are for input voltages above 10v and assume a 12mv minimum current limit voltage. the minimum c ss capacitor could be reduced further for lower voltage inputs due to the minimum current limit voltage being higher due to less foldback. the following equations assume any v out load remain off until after the hot swap completes, if loads are present on vout the css capacitor must be further reduced to set a v out rise rate such that the dv/ dt?? ?c out current and the load current do not exceed the folded back current limit at any point. the maximum dv/dt of the output without reaching cur - rent limit is dv out dt = 12mv r sns ? c out minimum c ss = 48a 12mv ? r sns ? c out = 4mmho ? r sns ? c out the c ss capacitance may be increased to any value to achieve a longer delay, however it must be larger than the minimum c ss computed above to avoid current limit and tripping the circuit breaker. the switcher and hot swap controller both share the negative terminal for their current sense amplifiers. the switcher reduces charger current so that there is at most 32mv between isnsp_chg and isnsm and the hot swap controller will limit the input current to at most 48mv between isnsp_hs and isnsm. this allows a single sense resistor to be used in many applications, resulting in a hot swap circuit breaker that is 50% higher than the switchers input current limit. any two values may be selected by using two current sense resistors, see the input sense resistors selection section of this data sheet for more information. setting switcher input and charge currents the maximum switcher input current is determined by the resistance across the isnsp_chg and isnsm pins, typi - cally r snsi . the maximum charge current is determined by the value of the sense resistor, r snsc , connected in series with the inductor. the input and charge current loops servo the voltage across their respective sense resistor to 32mv. therefore, the maximum input and charge currents are: i in(max) = 32mv r snsi i chg(max) = 32mv r snsc the peak inductor current limit for both buck and boost modes, i peak , is 80% higher than the maximum charge current and is equal to: i peak = 58mv r snsc this current limit is active in both charging and backup modes. in backup mode, it is the only control limitation on inductor and output current. low current charging and high current backup the LTC3351 accommodates applications requiring low charge currents and high backup currents. in these applica - tions, program the desired charge current using r snsi . the higher current needed during backup is set using r snsc . the input current limit will override the charge current applications information lt c3351 3351f 28 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information limit when the supercapacitors are charging while the charge current limit provides sufficient current capability for backup operation. the charge current will be limited to i chg(max) at low v cap (i.e., low duty cycles). as v cap rises, the switching controllers input current will increase until it reaches i in(max) . the input current will be maintained at i in(max) and the charge current will decrease as v cap rises further. some applications may want to use only a portion of the input current limit to charge the supercapacitors. two input current sense resistors placed in series can be used to accomplish this as shown in figure?6. isnsp_chg is kelvin connected to the positive terminal of r snsi1 and isnsm is kelvin connected to the negative terminal of r snsi2 . the load current is pulled through r snsi1 while the input current to the charger is pulled through r snsi1 and r snsi2 . the input current limit is: 32mv = r snsi1 ? i load + (r snsi1 + r snsi2 ) ? i inchg for example, suppose that only 2a of input current is desired to charge the supercapacitors but the system load and charger combined can pull a total of up to 4a from the supply. setting r snsi1 = r snsi2 = 8m will set a 4a current limit for the load and charger, while setting a 2a limit for the charger. with no system load, the charger can pull up to 2a of input current. as the load pulls 0a to 4a of current, the charger s input will drop from 2a to 0a. the following equation can be used to determine charging input current as a function of system load current: i inchg = 32mv r snsi1 + r snsi2 C r snsi1 r snsi1 + r snsi2 ?i load the contact resistance of the negative terminal of r snsi1 and the positive terminal of r snsi2 as well as the resis - tance of the trace connecting them will contribute error to the input current limit. t o minimize the error , place both input current sense resistors close together with a large pcb pad area between them as the system load current is pulled from the trace connecting the two sense resistors. note that the backup current will flow through r snsi2 . size the r snsi2 resistor package to handle the power dissipation. figure?6. input sense resistors selection any combination of hot swap current limit and switch- ing charger input current limit can be achieved with two resistors. in figure? 7 below , three resistors are shown, however, in all configurations at least one will be replaced with a short. figure?7. if the desired hot swap current limit is 1.5 time the charger input current limit, then only r2 is needed and r1 and r3 are replaced with shorts. r2 = 48mv/i hs if the desired hot swap current limit is greater than 1.5 times the charger input current limit, then r1 is replaced with a short. this will typically be the case when a higher backup current than charge current is needed. r2 = 48mv/i hs lt c3351 3351f r snsi2 l tc3351 isnsm i inchg i load v out v (to system) tg a te bg a te 3351 f06 LTC3351 isnsp_chg r2 r1 r3 isnsm in v out (to system) i inchg (to charger) 3351 f07 isnsp_hs i hs v in hs_gate isnsp_chg r snsi1 29 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information r3 = 32mv/i inchg C r2 in this configuration, r3 adds to the output impedance of the boost. alternatively, the resistors may be reconfigured as shown in figure?8. figure?8. if the desired charger input current limit is more than 2/3 of the hot swap input current limit r3 is replaced with a short. r2 = 32mv/i inchg r1 = 48mv/i hs C r2 note that the circuit breaker timer (the ctimer pin) may run as low as 2% below the current limit, setting the chargers input current limit too close to the hot swap current limit will trip the circuit breaker. operation with the chargers input current set close to the hot swap current limit requires careful attention to the LTC3351s tolerance for both v ilim(hs) and v snsi , the tolerance of both current sense resistors, the layout, the worst case switching chargers input current ripple, and how quickly the switching charger can reduce its current due to the fastest increase in downstream v out current. setting v cap voltage the LTC3351 v cap voltage is set by an external feedback resistor divider, as shown in figure?9. the regulated output voltage is determined by: v cap = 1 + r fbc1 r fbc2 ? ? ? ? ? ? capfbref where capfbref is the output of the v cap dac, pro- grammed via vcapfb_dac . take great care to route the capfb line away from noise sources, such as the sw line, bst, tgate or bgate. figure?9. setting v out voltage in backup mode the output voltage for the switching controller in step- up mode is set by an external feedback resistor divider, as shown in figure?10. the regulated output voltage is determined by: v out = 1 + r fbo1 r fbo2 ? ? ? ? ? ? 1.2v take great care to route the outfb line away from noise sources, such as the sw line, bst or tgate. figure?10. v out voltage divider and compensation network r c_int in figure? 10 is 1k in buck mode and 2k in boost mode. compensation the input current, charge current, v cap voltage, and v out voltage loops all require a 1nf to 10nf capacitor from the vc node to ground. when using the output ideal diode and backing up to low voltages (<8v), use 8.2nf to 10nf on vc. when not using the output ideal diode, 4.7nf to 10nf on vc is recommended. for very high backup voltages (>15v), 1nf to 4.7nf is recommended. in addition to the vc node capacitor, the v out voltage loop requires a phase-lead capacitor, c fbo1 , for stability and improved transient response during input power failure lt c3351 3351f LTC3351 capfb v cap r fbc1 r fbc2 3351 f9 vc outfb r c_int LTC3351 LTC3351 v ref r c (opt) r fbo1 r fbo2 r fo (opt) c fo (opt) c fbo1 v out c c + isnsp_hs ? 3351 f10 r2 r3 isnsm v out i inchg 3351 f08 isnsp_chg 30 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information (figure?10). the product of the top divider resistor and the phase-lead capacitor is used to create a zero at ap - proximately 2khz: r fbo1 ? c fbo1 1 2 2khz ( ) choose r fbo1 , such that c fbo1 100pf , to minimize the effects of parasitic pin capacitance. because the phase- lead capacitor introduces a larger ripple at the input of the v out transconductance amplifier, an additional r c lowpass filter from the v out divider to the outfb pin may be needed to eliminate voltage ripple spikes. the filter time constant should be located at the switching frequency of the switching controller: r fo ? c fo = 1 2 f sw with c fo > 10pf to minimize the effects of parasitic pin capacitance. for backup applications, where the v out regulation voltage is low (~5v to 6v), an additional 1k to 3k resistor, r c , in series with the vc capacitor improves stability and transient response. minimum v cap voltage in backup mode in backup mode, power is provided to the output from the supercapacitors either through the output ideal diode or the switching controller operating in step-up mode. the output ideal diode provides a low loss power path from the supercapacitors to v out . the minimum internal (open-circuit) supercapacitor voltage will be equal to the minimum v out necessary for the system to operate plus the voltage drops due to the output ideal diode and equivalent series resistance, r sc , of each supercapacitor in the stack. example: system needs 5v to run and draws 1a during backup. there are four supercapacitors in the stack, each with an r sc of 45m . the output ideal diode forward regulation voltage is 30mv (outfet r ds(on) < 30m). the minimum open-circuit supercapacitor voltage is: v cap(min) = 5v + 0.030v + (1a ? 4 ? 45m) = 5.21v using the switching controller in step-up mode allows the supercapacitors to be discharged to a voltage much lower than the minimum v out needed to run the system. the amount of power that the supercapacitor stack can deliver at its minimum internal (open-circuit) voltage should be greater than what is needed to power the output and the step-up converter. according to the maximum power transfer rule: p cap(min) = v cap(min) 2 4 ? n ? r sc > p backup in the equation above is the efficiency of the switching controller in step-up mode and n is the number of super - capacitors in the stack. example: system needs 5v to run and draws 1a during backup. there are four supercapacitors in the stack (n ?=? 4), each with an r sc of 45m . the converter efficiency is 90%. the minimum open-circuit supercapacitor voltage is : v cap(min) = 4 ? 4 ? 45m ? 5v ? 1a 0.9 = 2.0v in this case, the voltage seen at the terminals of the ca - pacitor stack is half this voltage, or 1v, according to the maximum power transfer rule. note the minimum v cap voltage can also be limited by the peak inductor current limit (180% of maximum charge current) and the maximum duty cycle in step-up mode (~90%). optimizing supercapacitor energy storage capacity in most systems the supercapacitors will provide backup power to one or more dc/dc converters. a dc/dc converter presents a constant power load to the supercapacitor stack. when the supercapacitors are near their maximum voltage, the loads will draw little current. as the capaci - tors discharge, the current drawn from supercapacitors will increase to maintain constant power to the load. the amount of energy required in back up mode is the product of this constant backup power , p backup , and the backup time, t backup . lt c3351 3351f 31 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information the energy stored in a stack of n supercapacitors available for backup is: 1 2 nc sc cell(max) 2 v C cell(min) 2 v ( ) where c sc , v cell(max) and v cell(min) are the capacitance, maximum voltage and minimum voltage of a single capaci - tor in the stack, respectively. the maximum voltage on the stack is v cap(max) = n ? v cell(max) . the minimum voltage on the stack is v cap(min) = n ? v cell(min) . some of this energy will be dissipated as conduction loss in the esr of the supercapacitor stack. a higher backup power requirement leads to a higher conduction loss for a given stack esr. the amount of capacitance needed is found by solving the following equation for c sc : where: max = 1 + 1C 4r sc ? p backup n cell(max) 2 v and, min = 1 + 1C 4r sc ? p backup n cell(min) 2 v r sc is the equivalent series resistance (esr) of a single supercapacitor in the stack. note that the maximum power transfer rule limits the minimum cell voltage to: v cell(min) = v cap(min) n 4r sc ? p backup n a calculator for this is available on the ltc3350 website. p backup ? t backup = 1 4 nc sc max ? cell(max) 2 v C min ? cell(min) 2 v C 4r sc ? p backup n ln max ? v cell(max) min ? v cell(min) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? lt c3351 3351f 32 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information to minimize the size of the capacitance for a given amount of backup energy, increase the maximum voltage on the stack, v cell(max) . however, the voltage is limited to a maximum of 2.7v and higher than this may lead to an unacceptably low capacitor lifetime. an alternative option is to keep v cell(max) at a voltage that leads to reasonably long lifetime and increase the capacitor utilization ratio of the supercapacitor stack. the capacitor utilization ratio, b , can be defined as: b = cell(max) 2 v C cell(min) 2 v cell(max) 2 v if the synchronous controller is used in step-up mode, then the supercapacitors can be run down to a voltage set by the maximum power transfer rule to maximize the utilization ratio. the minimum voltage in this case is: v cell(min) = 4r sc ? p backup n where is the efficiency of the boost converter (~90% to 96%). for the backup equation, max and min , substitute p backup / for p backup . in this case the energy needed for backup is governed by the following equation: p backup t backup 1 2 nc sc ? cell(max) 2 v ? b + b 2 C 1C b 2 ln 1 + b 1C b ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? once a capacitance is found using the above equation the maximum esr allowed needs to be checked: r sc 1C b ( ) n cell(max) 2 v 4p backup capacitor selection procedure 1. determine backup requirements p backup and t backup . 2. determine maximum cell voltage that provides accept - able capacitor lifetime. 3. choose number of capacitors in the stack. 4. choose a desired utilization ratio, b , for the superca - pacitor (e.g., 80%). 5. solve for capacitance, c sc : c sc 2p backup ? t backup n cell(max) 2 v ? b + b 2 C 1C b 2 ln 1 + b ( ) 1C b ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? C 1 6. find supercapacitor with sufficient capacitance c sc and minimum r sc : r sc 1C b ( ) n cell(max) 2 v 4p backup 7. if a suitable capacitor is not available, iterate by choosing more capacitance, a higher cell voltage, more capaci - tors in the stack and/or a lower utilization ratio. 8. make sure to take into account the lifetime degrada - tion of esr and capacitance, as well as the maximum discharge current rating of the super capacitor . a list of supercapacitor suppliers is provided in table 2. table 2. supercapacitor suppliers avx www.avx.com bussmann www.cooperbussmann.com cap-xx www.cap-xx.com illinois capacitor www.illcap.com kemet corp. www.kemet.com maxwell www.maxwell.com murata www.murata.com ness cap www.nesscap.com tecate group www.tecategroup.com lt c3351 3351f 33 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information inductor selection the switching frequency and inductor selection are in - terrelated. higher switching frequencies allow the use of smaller inductor and capacitor values, but generally results in lower efficiency due to mosfet switching and gate charge losses. in addition, the effect of inductor value on ripple current must also be considered. the inductor ripple current decreases with higher inductance or higher frequency and increases with higher v in . accepting larger values of ripple current allows the use of low inductances but results in higher output voltage ripple and greater core losses. for the LTC3351 , the best overall performance will be attained if the inductor is chosen to be: l = v in(max) i chg(max) ? f sw for v in(max) 2vcap and: l = 1C v cap v in(max) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? v cap 0.25 ?i chg(max) ? f sw for v in(max) 2vcap, where v cap is the final supercapaci - tor stack voltage, v in(max) is the maximum input voltage, i chg(max) is the maximum regulated charge current, and f sw is the switching frequency. using these equations, the inductor ripple will be at most 25% of i chg(max) . using the above equation, the inductor may be too large to provide a fast enough transient response to hold up v out when input power goes away. this occurs in cases where the maximum v in is high (e.g. 25v) and the backup volt - age low (e.g. 6v). in these situations it would be best to choose an inductor that is smaller resulting in maximum peak-to-peak ripple as high as 40% of i chg(max) . once the value for l is known, the type of inductor core is selected. ferrite cores are recommended for their very low core loss. selection criteria should concentrate on minimizing copper loss and preventing saturation. ferrite core material saturates hard, which means that induc - tance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. this causes an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. do not allow the core to saturate. the saturation current for the inductor should be at least 80% higher than the maximum regulated current, i chg(max) . a list of inductor suppliers is provided in table 3. table 3. inductor vendors vendor url coilcraft www.coilcraft.com murata www.murata.com sumida www.sumida.com tdk www.tdk.com toko www.toko.com vishay www.vishay.com wrth electronic www.we-online.com c out and c cap capacitance v out serves as the input to the synchronous controller in step-down mode and as the output in step-up (backup) mode. if step-up mode is used, place 100f of bulk (aluminum electrolytic, os-con, poscap) capacitance for every 2a of backup current desired. for 5v system applications, 100f per 1a of backup current is recom - mended. in addition, a certain amount of high frequency bypass capacitance is needed to minimize voltage ripple. the voltage ripple in step-up mode is: v out = 1C v cap v out ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 c out ? f sw + v out v cap ? r esr ? ? ? ? ? ? i out(backup) maximum ripple occurs at the lowest v cap that can supply i out(backup) . multilayer ceramics are recommended for high frequency filtering. if step-up mode is unused, then the specification for c out will be determined by the desired ripple voltage in step-down mode: v out = v cap v out 1C v cap v out ? ? ? ? ? ? i chg(max) c out ? f sw + i chg(max) ? r esr lt c3351 3351f 34 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information in continuous conduction mode, the source current of the top mosfet is a square wave of duty cycle v cap /v out . to prevent large voltage transients, a low esr capacitor sized for the maximum rms current must be used. the maximum rms capacitor current is given by: i rms ? i chg(max) v cap v out v out v cap C 1 this formula has a maximum at v out = 2vcap, where i rms = i chg(max) /2. this simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. medium voltage (20v to 35v) ceramic, tantalum, os-con and switcher-rated electrolytic capacitors can be used as input capacitors. sanyo os-con svp, svpd series, sanyo poscap tqc series, or aluminum electrolytic capacitors from panasonic wa series or cornell dubilier spv series in parallel with a couple of high performance ceramic capacitors can be used as an effective means of achieving low esr and high bulk capacitance. v cap serves as the input to the switching controller in step-up mode and as the output in step-down mode. the purpose of the v cap capacitor is to filter the inductor cur - rent ripple. the v cap ripple (v cap ) is approximated by: v cap i pp 1 8c cap ? f sw + r esr ? ? ? ? ? ? where f sw is the switching frequency, c cap is the capaci- tance on v cap and i pp is the ripple current in the inductor. the output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since i pp increases with input voltage. because supercapacitors have low series resistance, it is important that c cap be sized properly so that the bulk of the inductor current ripple flows through the filter capaci - tor and not the supercapacitor. it is recommended that: 1 8c cap ? f sw + r esr ? ? ? ? ? ? n ? r sc 5 where n is the number of supercapacitors in the stack and r sc is the esr of each supercapacitor. the capacitance on v cap can be a combination of bulk and high frequency capacitors. aluminum electrolytic, os-con and poscap capacitors are suitable for bulk capacitance while multilayer ceramics are recommended for high frequency filtering. power mosfet selection two external power mosfets are selected for the LTC3351s synchronous controller: one n-channel mosfet for the top switch and one n-channel mosfet for the bottom switch. the selection criteria of the external n-channel power mosfets include maximum drain-source voltage (v dss ), threshold voltage, on-resistance (r ds(on) ), reverse transfer capacitance (c rss ), total gate charge (q g ), and maximum continuous drain current. select v dss of both mosfets to be higher than the maximum input supply voltage (including transient). the peak-to-peak drive levels are set by the drv cc voltage. logic-level threshold mosfets should be used because drv cc is powered from either intv cc (5v) or an external ldo whose output voltage must be less than 5.5v. mosfet power losses are determined by r ds(on) , c rss and q g . the conduction loss at maximum charge current for the top and bottom mosfet switches are: p cond(top) = v cap v out i chg(max) 2 ? r ds(on) 1 + ? t ( ) p cond(bot) = 1C v cap v out ? ? ? ? ? ? i chg(max) 2 ? r ds(on) 1 + ? t ( ) the term (1+ t) is generally given for a mosfet in the form of a normalized r ds(on) vs temperature curve, but = 0.005/c can be used as an approximation for low voltage mosfets. both mosfet switches have conduction loss. however, transition loss occurs only in the top mosfet in step- down mode and only in the bottom mosfet in step-up mode. these losses are proportional to v out 2 and can be considerably large in high voltage applications (v out > 20v). the maximum transition loss is: p tran k 2 v out 2 ?i chg(max) ? c rss ? f sw lt c3351 3351f 35 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 where k is related to the drive current during the miller plateau and is approximately equal to one. the synchronous controller can operate in both step-down and step-up mode with different voltages on v out in each mode. if v out is 12v in step-down mode (input power available) and 10v in step-up mode (backup mode) then both mosfets can be sized to minimize conduction loss. if v out can be as high as 25v while charging and v out is held to 6v in backup mode, then the mosfets should be sized to minimize losses during backup mode. this may lead to choosing a high side mosfet with significant transition loss which may be tolerable when input power is avail - able so long as thermal issues do not become a limiting factor . the bottom mosfet can be chosen to minimize conduction loss. if step-up mode is unused, then choosing a high side mosfet that that has a higher r ds(on) device and lower c rss would minimize overall losses. another power loss related to switching mosfet selection is the power lost to driving the gates. the total gate charge, qg, must be charged and discharged each switching cycle. the power is lost to the internal ldo and gate drivers within the LTC3351 . the power lost due to charging the gates is: p g (q gtop + q gbot ) ? f sw ? v out where q gtop is the top mosfet gate charge and q gbot is the bottom mosfet gate charge. whenever possible, utilize mosfet switches that minimize the total gate charge to limit the internal power dissipation of the LTC3351. schottky diode selection optional schottky diodes can be placed in parallel with the top and bottom mosfet switches. these diodes clamp sw during the non-overlap times between conduction of the top and bottom mosfet switches. this prevents the body diodes of the mosfet switches from turning on, storing charge during the non-overlap time and requiring a reverse recovery period that could cost as much as 3% in efficiency at high v in . one or both diodes can be omit - ted if the efficiency loss can be tolerated. rate the diode for about one-third to one-fifth of the full load current since it is on for only a fraction of the duty cycle. larger diodes result in additional switching losses due to their larger junction capacitance. in order for the diodes to be effective, the inductance between them and the top and bottom mosfet s must be as small as possible. place these components next to each other on the same layer of the pc board. t op mosfet driver supply (c b , d b ) an external bootstrap capacitor, c b , connected to the bst pin supplies the gate drive voltage for the top mosfet. capacitor c b , in figure?11, is charged though an external diode, d b , from drv cc when the sw pin is low. the value of the bootstrap capacitor, c b , needs to be 20 times that of the total input capacitance of the top mosfet. the bottom mosfet, m n2 in figure?11, turning on ensures that the sw pin goes low. if the bottom mosfet is on for less than 50s for eight consecutive switching cycles, the bottom mosfet will turn on for 100ns to 250ns at the end of the eighth switching cycle to refresh the voltage on c b . with the top mosfet on, the bst voltage is above the system supply rail: v bst = v out + v drvcc the reverse break down of the external diode, d b , must be greater than v out(max) + v drvcc(max) . the step-up converter briefly runs non-synchronously when used with the output ideal diode. during this time the bst to sw voltage can pump up to voltages exceeding 5.5v if d b is a schottky diode. fast switching pn diodes are recommended due to their low leakage and junction capacitance. a schottky diode can be used if the step-up converter runs synchronous throughout backup mode. figure?11. applications information lt c3351 3351f c b 0.1f 1f opt bst sw >2.2f 3351 f11 d b drv cc intv cc LTC3351 36 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 intv cc /drv cc and ic power dissipation the LTC3351 features a low dropout linear regulator (ldo) that supplies power to intv cc from the v out sup- ply. intv cc powers the gate drivers (when connected to drv cc ) and much of the LTC3351 s internal circuitry. the ldo regulates the voltage at the intv cc pin to 5v. the ldo can supply a maximum current of 50ma and must be bypassed to ground with a minimum of 1f when not connected to drv cc . drv cc should have at least a 2.2f ceramic or low esr electrolytic capacitor. no matter what type of bulk capacitor is used on drv cc , an additional 0.1f ceramic capacitor placed directly adjacent to the drv cc pin is highly recommended. good bypassing is needed to supply the high transient currents required by the mosfet gate drivers. high input voltage applications in which large mosfets are being driven at high frequencies may cause the maxi - mum junction temperature rating for the LTC3351 to be exceeded. the int v cc current, which is dominated by the gate charge current, is supplied by the 5v ldo. power dissipation for the ic in this case is highest and is approximately equal to (v out) ? (i q + i g) , where i q is the non-switching quiescent current of ~4ma and i g is gate charge current. the junction temperature is estimated by using the equations given in note 2 of the electrical characteristics. for example, the i g supplied by the intv cc ldo is limited to less than 42ma from a 35v supply in the qfn package at a 70c ambient temperature: t j = 70c + (35v)(4ma + 42ma)(36.4c/w) = 125c to prevent the maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the intv cc ldo current must be checked while operating in continuous conduction mode at maximum v out . the power dissipation in the ic is drastically reduced if drv cc is powered from an external ldo. in this case the power dissipation in the ic is equal to power dissipation due to i q and the power dissipated in the gate drivers, (v drvcc) ? (i g ). assuming the external drv cc ldo output is 5v and is supplying 42ma to the gate drivers, at 70c ambient the junction temperature rises to only 80.5c: t j = 70c + [(35v)(2.25ma)+(5v)(42ma)](36.4c/w) = 80.5c power the external ldo from v out . it must be enabled after the intv cc ldo has powered up and its output must be less than 5.5v . intv cc should no longer be tied to drv cc . minimum on-time considerations minimum on-time, t on(min) , is the smallest time dura - tion that the LTC3351 is capable of turning on the top mosfet in step-down mode. it is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the top mosfet. the minimum on-time for the LTC3351 is approximately 85ns . low duty cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit and care should be taken to ensure that: t on(min) < v cap v out ? f sw if the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the switching controller will begin to skip cycles. the charge current and v cap voltage will continue to be regulated, but the ripple voltage and current will increase. ideal diode mosfet selection an external n-channel mosfet is required for the output ideal diode. important parameters for the selection of this mosfet is the maximum drain-source voltage, v dss , gate threshold voltage and on-resistance (r ds(on) ). when the supercapacitors are at 0v, the input voltage is applied across the output ideal diode mosfet. therefore, the v dss of the output ideal diode mosfet must withstand the highest voltage on v in . the gate drive for the ideal diode is 5v. use logic-level threshold n-channel mosfet. as a general rule, select a mosfet with a low enough r ds(on) to obtain the desired v ds while operating at full load current. the LTC3351 will regulate the forward volt - age drop across the output ideal diode mosfet to 30mv applications information lt c3351 3351f 37 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information if r ds(on) is low enough. the required r ds(on) can be calculated by dividing 0.030v by the load current in amps. achieving forward regulation will minimize power loss and heat dissipation, but it is not a necessity. if a forward voltage drop of more than 30mv is acceptable, then a smaller mosfet can be used but must be sized compatible with the higher power dissipation. care should be taken to ensure that the power dissipated is never allowed to rise above the manufacturers recommended maximum level. during backup mode, the output ideal diode shuts off when the voltage on outfb falls below 1.3v. for high v out backup voltages (>8.4v), the output ideal diode will shut off when v cap is more than a diode drop (~700mv) above the v out regulation point (i.e., outfb > 1.2v). the body diode of the output ideal diode n-channel mosfet will carry the load current until v cap drops to within a diode drop of the v out regulation voltage at which point the switching controller takes over. during this period the power dissipation in the output ideal diode mosfet increases significantly. diode conduction time is small compared to the overall backup time but can be significant when discharging very large supercapacitors ( > 600f ). care should be taken to properly heat sink the mosfet to limit the temperature rise. hot swap input fet selection in addition to r ds(on) requirements, the hot swap input fet must be sized for safe operating area (soa). this is done by sizing for both the start-up characteristic of the system and to handle a short circuit of the duration set by ctimer. typically, the fet should be sized for the worst case startup condition and ctimer should be set such that a short circuit will require less soa than the startup condition. logic level gate fets are required. the foldback curve reduces the soa requirement of the fet. the LTC3351 s foldback curve reduces the effective current limit as the voltage across the fet (as measured from v in to v out ) increases. the current is linearly reduced from 100% at 1v to about 20% at 11v, voltages larger than 11v will remain at 20%. simplified soa requirement calculation: 1. determine the output slew rate (see page 27). 2. using this slew rate and the output capacitance deter - mine the inrush current. 3. add any enabled downstream loads to this inrush cur - rent to determine the input current. 4. using the slew rate and maximum input voltage, de - termine the output capacitor charge time. using the output capacitor charging time, the input cur - rent and the maximum input voltage, select a fet with an appropriate soa. the ctimer capacitor value should be set to not exceed the fet s soa when the output is shorted with maximum input voltage. hot reconnects return of input power when operating in backup mode must be considered. the retr yb pin provides a mecha - nism to prevent returning to input power based on either the v out voltage or digital signal, typically indicating the backup has completed. the retryb pin may also be grounded causing the LTC3351 to attempt to reconnect the system to the input once all other reconnect criteria are met. if the retryb pin is grounded, and a handover from backup operation back to v in operation is required, it is essential that the load line of the system remain be - low the foldback curve of the hot swap controller. if the system load exceeds the foldback cur ve of the hot swap controller , the controller will be unable to support the load and an over-current fault will occur. after the ctimer cool down time has passed, the cycle will repeat indefinitely until the energy storage is depleted and the load shuts down, returning the system to conditions resembling an initial power-up. this may be prevented by keeping the foldback curve above the systems load line. boosting to a voltage near v in will allow the hot swap to start at a high current point on the foldback curve and may allow the hot swap controller to reconnect v in without running into current limit. lt c3351 3351f 38 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information alternate hot swap controller configuration typically, the css capacitor sets both the debounce time and the maximum rise rate of v out . if the fixed relationship between the debounce time and the maximum rise rate is not satisfactory the hot swap controller has an alternate configuration to decouple these two parameters, however this comes at the expense of reduced current limit speed. in this alternate configuration, the css capacitor is con - nected from the css pin to ground. in this configuration, the css capacitor will only function as a debounce timer. the rise rate of the output is controlled by i hs_gate(up) into the capacitance of the hs_gate node. adding a capacitor from the hs_gate pin to ground allows the output rise rate to be programmed independently of all other parameters. however, this capacitance represents a large load that the current limit amplifier must drive, resulting in a slower current limit. a 1k resistor should be placed in series with this capacitor. this resistor will limit current into the hs_gate when the hs_gate pin is pulled to ground due to a fault being detected. increased capacitance test current the LTC3351 can sink up to 60ma of capacitance test current dissipating up to 300mw. this constant current sink is capable of testing large capacitors, however the test time may become unreasonably long. to increase the test current, a simple circuit using a low v t (<1.2v?v gs ) nmos and a resistor may be used. the gate of the nmos is connected to the itst pin such that when the itst circuit is turned on the nmos is also turned on. this circuit allows much higher capacitance test current than the LTC3351 alone. figure?12. increased capacitance test current when using this circuit, the test current will be the original itst circuit current plus an additional current due to the capacitor stack voltage across the resistor. this requires a modified equation for converting meas_cap to capacitance. this equation is: c = C56 ? 10 C9 ? r t ? meas _ cap r ? ln 1C v cap 1.2v ? r r tst + v cap ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? where r is the resistance in the added itst circuit, v cap is the charge voltage at the beginning of the test and v cap is the voltage set using the cap_delta_v_setting register. r, r tst and r t are in ohms, c is in farads, and v cap and v cap are in volts. the above equation is valid when ctl_cap_scale is 1 (the small setting); if the large setting is used, the above equation should be multiplied by 100. increased shunt current the LTC3351 can shunt up to 500ma around an individual cell that has reached v shunt as set by the vshunt register. this limits the charge rate of the other capacitors because the charge current is reduced to near the shunt current while shunting to prevent each cap from exceeding v shunt . to enable faster charging while shunting, higher shunt current is needed. figure?13. increased shunt current circuit addition lt c3351 3351f cap3 cap2 cap1 caprtn LTC3351 10 r4 mn4 v cap c4 v cap 10 r3 mn3 c3 10 r2 mn2 c2 10 r1 itst mn1 c1 10 3351 f13 LTC3351 r tst r v cap 3351 f12 cap4 39 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information higher shunt current may be accommodated with an ex - ternal nmos and resistor across each capacitor as shown in figure? 13. the shunt current will be v shunt divided by r x (assuming the r ds(on) of mnx is small compared to r x ). the logic level nmos must be selected so that its v gs at the desired shunt current is less than one half the v shunt voltage. when using this circuit the shunt resistors should be increased to 10 to minimize the drop across the LTC3351 s internal shunt fet and thus maximize the v gs for mn x . using 10 resistors will also reduce the power dissipation allowing a smaller package size com - pared to the typical application s 2.7 . when using 10 resistors the internal shunt fet will turn on the external nmos, however the internal balancer s current will not create enough voltage across the 10 resistors to turn on the external nmos. additionally, increasing the 10 resistors to 500 will allow the internal balancers to turn on the external fets, thus also increasing balance current. input short protection the LTC3351 s input current sense amplifier, isnsp_hs to isnsm and isnsp_chg to can have at most 0.3v between them. this is not typically an issue since the LTC3351 regulates input current to 48mv (hot swap current limit) or 32mv (charger input current limit) using these pins. the LTC3351 hot swap does not regulate reverse input current. if the input voltage is rapidly reduced (the input directly shorted to ground for instance) large currents will flow from the v out capacitance to the v in short. unless external protection is used, these large currents can quickly produce many volts of drop across the input sense resistor(s), overstressing the input current sense pins. if the input is shorted after it has fallen below the uv threshold, this is not an issue since the hot swap fets have already been turned off. however, if the input supply can be shorted to ground while the LTC3351 is connected, the input protection circuit in figure?14 is recommended. also if the system load is so low that the LTC3351 circuit can be disconnected from the input and then shorted to ground before the input falls below uv, then the same circuit is also recommended. figure?14. input short protection circuit since there are several possible configurations for the input current sense resistors, not all possible protection circuits are shown. to construct a circuit for another con - figuration of input current sense resistors, there should be one schottky diode for each current sense ampli - fier (isnsp_hs-isnsm and isnsp_chg-isnsm). there should be 1 between the current sense resistor and the current sense pins, and the diode should be connected such that it can conduct current in the direction from v out to v in , this means the anodes will be connected to isnsm. in this circuit, the schottky diode is a simple clamp to limit the voltage across the pins. the 1 resistors are needed to limit the current in each schottky diode. clearly, if only one sense resistor is used, only one protection diode is needed. supercapacitor settling the esr-only supercapacitor model using a capacitor in series with an equivalent series resistance (esr) is over- simplified. real supercapacitors have an additional settling time due to their internal physics to explain the implications of this settling, assume a super capacitor of infinite capacitance such that any voltage change due to charging or discharging can be ignored. in the simple esr-only model, a pulse of current would simply result in a step in voltage at its rising edge and a step back to its initial voltage at its falling edge. a real super capaci - tors response to the same pulse of currents rising edge will be an instantaneous step in voltage due to the high frequency esr, followed by a settling to a higher voltage due to the dc esr. on the falling edge there will be an lt c3351 3351f 1 1 LTC3351 isnsp_x 1 isnsm v out v in 3351 f14 isnsp_x 40 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information instantaneous drop in voltage due to the high frequency esr and a slower settling back to the original voltage due to the dc esr. the following figure illustrates this. figure?15. v cap i cap real esr only model 3351 f15 t t this results in an esr measurement dependent on the frequency at which it is measured. there is a high frequency esr and a larger dc esr. in energy storage applica - tions where the capacitors will supply a sustained load, th e dc esr limits the deliverable power. supercapacitor manufacturers have various methods for measuring esr. even when specifying a dc esr, the measurement is often done at a frequency significantly higher than dc , often near 100hz , thereby reporting an intermediate frequency esr. esr measurement timing adjustments the LTC3351 default esr measurement timing is set to measure between the dc and high frequency esr, closer to the high frequency esr for a wide variety of superca - pacitors. the timing can be adjusted to measure closer to the dc esr, however this must done empirically based on the exact switching controller configuration and capaci - tors used. values appropriate for some capacitors would result in failed measurements for others and there are no meaningful defaults preprogrammed in the LTC3351. using an dc coupled oscilloscope with a precision offset, observe the supercapacitor stack voltage (v cap ) during the esr test. ac coupling will not work as the signal time scales are too long to cross the oscilloscopes ac coupling high pass filter without distortion. set the oscil - loscope to trigger on smbaler t falling and enabling the mon_meas_active alert using the mask_mon_meas_active bit. then set the ctl_start_cap_esr_meas to start the esr measurement. the smbalert will need to be cleared each time to re-trigger the oscilloscope. alternatively, a current probe can be used to trigger on input current, since the input current will be high during the esr test. the esr_i_override setting is available to prevent the automatic adjustment of the esr test current. the au - tomatically selected esr test current is available in the next_esr_i register . after several measurements have been completed, next_esr_i may be used as a starting point to manually set esr_i_override. while adjusting the timing of the esr measurement, either set esr_i_override so the test current wont change between successive measure - ments or do each measurement twice for each setting and ignore the first result. referring to figure? 4, using the oscilloscope you can now see the effects of esr_i_on_settling and esr_i_off_settling on the captured waveform. begin by adjusting esr_i_off_ settling so that v cap is no longer decreasing significantly after esr_i_off_settling time. this time will likely be sig - nificantly longer than the default time. the esr_i_on_settling time is a little more complicated to adjust as the capacitors are being charged during this time. if the esr_i_on_settling time is too short, the internal chemistry of the supercapacitor will not have settled and the esr measured will be closer to the high frequency esr than the dc esr. if esr_i_on_settling is too long and esr_i_override is not set, then charge current will be automatically adjusted downward, resulting in reduced signal for the esr measurement. if esr_i_on_settling is too long while esr_i_override is set, the capacitors will charge to constant voltage and charge current will fall, corrupting the measurement. this can be observed in the input current waveform. during an esr test, it should not decrease, it should turn off cleanly. the charge current can also be observed by comparing esr_m1_i and esr_m2_i. they should be about the same, esr_m2_i should not be significantly less than esr_m1_i. if it is, esr_i_on_settling is too long. if esr_i_override is set, monitor the increase in stack voltage during the esr test. ideally it should be about the same as the v in the capacitance test (as set by cap_delta_v_ setting). if the change in voltage during the esr test is less than in the capacitance test, esr_i_override can be increased to maximize the signal available for esr test. if lt c3351 3351f 41 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 applications information the voltage increase during the esr test is more than the voltage set by cap_delta_v_setting, cap_delta_v_setting can be increased for more resolution in the capacitance test. when configuring the test, there must be enough voltage between the vcapfb_dac setting and 1.2v to perform the test. if configuring the esr test to measure the high frequency esr, the only adjustment necessary is to reduce the esr_i_off_settling to 0. the default setting for esr_i_on_ settling is set to fully allow the switcher to settle under all normal conditions and should not be further reduced when measuring the high frequency esr. individual capacitor esr and capacitance calculation the LTC3351 reports total stack capacitance and esr. from the stored voltage and current measurements, it is possible to calculate each individual capacitors esr and capacitance. for the calculation algorithm contact the factory. capacitance measurement timing adjustments like the esr measurement, the capacitance measurement is subject to non-ideal effects of the supercapacitors. the LTC3351 measures capacitance by pre-charging the ca - pacitor stack by 1.25? ?? cap_delta_v_setting (the esr test contributes to this charging), turning on a test discharge current, waiting the time specified by cap_i_on_settling, measuring a first voltage, then waiting for the stack to discharge cap_delta_v_setting from the first measure - ment. in this test the capacitors are discharged by a known voltage with a known current and the time is proportional to capacitance. since the capacitors are charged by 1.25 times the change in voltage during the capacitance test, there is an ex - tra 25 percent of the measurement time. some of this time can be used to allow the capacitors to settle into a constant rate of voltage decrease. a starting point would be to use 15 per cent of the expected discharge time as cap_i_on_settling . in the equation below, c should be the minimum expected stack capacitance due to aging and tolerance and v is change in voltage. t discharge = v ? c ? r tst 1.2v combining the above equation, the equation for switcher frequency and cap_i_on_settling lsb weight results in: cap _ i _ on _ settling = v ? c ? 6.5 ? 10 6 ? r tst r t the above equation is only a starting point. adequate settling can be confirmed by triggering an oscilloscope on the rising edge of itst (or alternately on smbalert using the mon_esr_done alarm). observe the response of the discharging capacitors. they should have clearly settled into a linear discharge by the time specified in cap_i_on_settling after the trigger. if they have not settled in time, cap_i_on_settling needs to be increased. cap_i_on_settling cannot be increased beyond 25 percent of the expected minimum measurement time. if 25 per - cent of the expected measurement time is inadequate to settle, the expected measurement time may be increased by increasing v via cap_delta_v_setting. pcb layout considerations when laying out the printed circuit board, the following guidelines should be used to ensure proper operation of the ic. check the following in your layout: 1. the vcc2p5 bypass capacitor must return to sgnd or the ground plane. if returning to the ground plane keep away from the switchers high di/dt loop. 2. referring to figure?16, keep m n1, mn2 and c out close together. the high di/dt loop formed by the mosfets, schottky diodes and the v out capacitance should have short, wide traces to minimize high frequency noise and voltage stress from inductive ringing. surface mount components are preferred to reduce parasitic inductances from component leads. connect the drain of the top mosfet directly to the positive terminal of c out . connect the source of the bottom mosfet directly to the negative terminal of c out . this capacitor provides the ac current to the mosfets. lt c3351 3351f 42 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 figure?16. 3. ground is referenced to the negative terminal of the v cap decoupling capacitor in step-down mode and to the negative terminal of the v out decoupling capacitor in step-up mode. the combined ic sgnd pin/pgnd paddle and the ground returns of c intvcc and c drvcc must return to the combined negative terminal of c out and c cap . 4. effective grounding techniques are critical for success - ful dc/dc converter layouts. orient power components such that switching current paths in the ground plane do not cross through the sgnd pin and exposed pad on the backside of the LTC3351. switching path currents can be controlled by orienting the mosfet switches, the inductor, and v out and v cap decoupling capacitors in close proximity to each other. it is important to keep sgnd and the components connected to sgnd away from interference due to switching currents. t o do this, an island of sgnd is formed on top metal. this sgnd island should only connect to pgnd on top metal under the LTC3351, between the sgnd pin and the exposed pad of the LTC3351. this should be the only connection between sgnd and pgnd. this area of top metal is where the LTC3351s small signal components such as r t , v c , feedback dividers and vcc2p5 bypass capacitor should be connected. power components and all other bypass capacitors should not connect to sgnd. 5. locate v cap and v out dividers near the LTC3351 and away from switching components. kelvin the top of resistor dividers to the positive terminals of c cap and c out , respectively. the bottom of the resistive dividers should return directly to the sgnd pin. the feedback resistor connections should not be run along the high current feeds from the c out capacitor. 6. route i cap and v cap sense lines together, keep them short. apply this rule to isnsp_hs, isnsp_chg and isnsm as well. filter components should be placed near the part and not near the sense resistors. ensure accurate current sensing with kelvin connections at the sense resistors. see figure?17. figure?17. 3351 f17 direction of sensed current r snsc or r snsi to vcap or isnsm to icap or isnsp_hs or isnsp_chg 7. locate the drv cc and bst decoupling capacitors in close proximity to the LTC3351 . these capacitors carry the mosfet drivers high peak currents. an additional 0.1f ceramic capacitor placed immediately next to the drv cc pin can help improve noise performance substantially. 8. locate the small-signal components away from high frequency switching nodes (bst, sw , tg, and bg). all of these nodes have very large and fast moving signals and should be kept on the output side of the LTC3351. 9. the output ideal diode senses the voltage between v out and v cap . v cap is used for kelvin sensing the charge current. place the output ideal diode mosfet near the charge current sense resistor, r snsc , with a short, wide trace to minimize resistance between the source of the ideal diode mosfet and r snsc . 10. th e outfet pin for the external ideal diode controller has extremely limited drive current. care must be taken to minimize leakage to adjacent pc board traces. 100na of leakage from this pin will introduce an additional ideal diode offset of approximately 10mv . lt c3351 3351f c cap 3351 f16 c out r snsc v cap l1 + + + + high frequency circulating path mn2 mn1 v out 43 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description ctl_reg 0 r/w [10:0] 0 control register: several independent control bits are grouped into this register. ctl_start_cap_esr_meas [0] 0 begin a capacitance and esr measurement when possible; this bit clears itself once a measurement cycle begins or becomes pending. enum: start_measurement = 1 ctl_gpi_buffer_en [1] 0 a one in this bit location enables the input buffer on the gpi pin. with a zero in this location the gpi pin is measured without the buffer. ctl_stop_cap_esr_meas [2] 0 stops an active capacitance/esr measurement; this bit clears itself once a measurement cycle has been stopped. enum: stop_measurement = 1 ctl_cap_scale [3] 0 increases capacitor measurement resolution 100 times, this is used when measuring smaller capacitors. enums: large_cap = 0, small_cap = 1 ctl_disable_shunt [4] 0 disables the shunt feature. ctl_hotswap_disable [5] 0 disables the hotswap controller. the gate of the hotswap fet is forced low, disconnecting vin and vout and forcing the switcher into backup mode. this can be used to simulate a power failure for testing. ctl_force_boost_off [6] 0 this bit disables the boost. ctl_force_charger_off [7] 0 this bit disables the charger. ctl_force_itst_on [8] 0 this bit forces the itst current on. this can be used to discharge the capacitor stack or manually measure capacitance. note that this only enables the test current, it does not disable the charger. set ctl_force_charger_off to disable the charger. ctl_disable_balancer [10] 0 disables the balancer. alarm_mask_reg 1 r/w [15:0] 0 mask alarms register: writing a one to any bit in this register enables a rising edge of its respective bit in alarm_reg to trigger an smbalert. mask_alarm_gpi_uv [0] 0 gpi under voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_gpi_ov [1] 0 gpi over voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_vin_uv [2] 0 vin under voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_vin_ov [3] 0 vin over voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_vcap_uv [4] 0 vcap under voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_vcap_ov [5] 0 vcap over voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_vout_uv [6] 0 vout under voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_vout_ov [7] 0 vout over voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_dtemp_ cold [8] 0 die temperature cold alarm mask mask_alarm_dtemp_ hot [9] 0 die temperature hot alarm mask mask_alarm_ichg_uc [10] 0 charge undercurrent alarm mask mask_alarm_iin_oc [11] 0 input overcurrent alarm mask mask_alarm_cap_uv [12] 0 capacitor under voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_cap_ov [13] 0 capacitor over voltage alarm mask mask_alarm_cap_lo [14] 0 capacitance low alarm mask mask_alarm_esr_hi [15] 0 esr high alarm mask lt c3351 3351f 44 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description monitor_status_ mask_reg 2 r/w [14:0] 0 mask monitor status register: writing a one to any bit in this register enables a rising edge of its respective bit in monitor_status_reg to trigger an smbalert. mask_mon_meas_ active [0] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_meas_active mask_mon_capesr_ pending [2] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_capesr_pending mask_mon_cap_done [3] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_cap_done mask_mon_esr_done [4] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_esr_done mask_mon_meas_ failed [5] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_meas_failed mask_mon_disable_ charger [7] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_disable_charger mask_mon_cap_ meas_active [8] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_cap_meas_active mask_mon_esr_meas_ active [9] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_esr_meas_active mask_mon_power_ failed [10] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_power_failed mask_mon_power_ returned [11] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_power_returned mask_mon_balancing [12] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_balancing mask_mon_shunting [13] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_shunting mask_mon_cap_ precharge [14] 0 set the smbalert when there is a rising edge on mon_cap_precharge vcapfb_dac 3 r/w [3:0] 10 vcap regulation reference: this register is used to program the capacitor voltage feedback loop's reference voltage. only bits 3:0 are active. vcapfb_dac = 37.5mv * vcapfb_dac + 637.5mv vshunt 5 r/w [15:0] 14744 shunt voltage register: this register programs the shunt voltage for each capacitor in the stack. when set below 3.6v, the charger will limit current and the active shunts will shunt current to prevent this voltage from being exceeded. as a capacitor voltage nears this level, the charge current will be reduced. current will be shunted when the capacitor voltage is within 25mv of vshunt. vshunt should be programmed at least 50mv higher than the intended final balanced individual capacitor voltage. when programmed above 3.6v no current will be shunted, however the charge current will be reduced as described. 182.8v per lsb. adc_vin_ch_en_reg 6 r/w [11:1] 3842 adc_vin_ichg_en [1] 1 enables adc measurement of charge current while in charging mode. adc_vin_dtemp_en [2] 0 enables adc measurement of die temperature while in charging mode. adc_vin_gpi_en [3] 0 enables adc measurement of gpi (general purpose input) while in charging mode. adc_vin_iin_en [4] 0 enables adc measurement of input current while in charging mode. adc_vin_vout_en [5] 0 enables adc measurement of vout while in charging mode. adc_vin_vcap_en [6] 0 enables adc measurement of vcap while in charging mode. adc_vin_vin_en [7] 0 enables adc measurement of vin while in charging mode. adc_vin_vcap1_en [8] 1 enables adc measurement of vcap1 while in charging mode. this bit must be set for capacitance and esr measurement. lt c3351 3351f 45 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description adc_vin_vcap2_en [9] 1 enables adc measurement of vcap2 while in charging mode. this bit must be set for capacitance and esr measurement if there are two or more capacitors in the stack. adc_vin_vcap3_en [10] 1 enables adc measurement of vcap3 while in charging mode. this bit must be set for capacitance and esr measurement if there are three or more capacitors in the stack adc_vin_vcap4_en [11] 1 enables adc measurement of vcap4 while in charging mode. this bit must be set for capacitance and esr measurement if there are four capacitors in the stack adc_backup_ch_en_ reg 7 r/w [11:1] 0 adc_backup_ichg_en [1] 0 enables adc measurement of charge current while in backup mode. adc_backup_dtemp_en [2] 0 enables adc measurement of die temperature while in backup mode. adc_backup_gpi_en [3] 0 enables adc measurement of gpi (general purpose input) while in backup mode. adc_backup_iin_en [4] 0 enables adc measurement of input current while in backup mode. adc_backup_vout_en [5] 0 enables adc measurement of vout while in backup mode. adc_backup_vcap_en [6] 0 enables adc measurement of vcap while in backup mode. adc_backup_vin_en [7] 0 enables adc measurement of vin while in backup mode. adc_backup_vcap1_en [8] 0 enables adc measurement of vcap1 while in backup mode. adc_backup_vcap2_en [9] 0 enables adc measurement of vcap2 while in backup mode. adc_backup_vcap3_en [10] 0 enables adc measurement of vcap3 while in backup mode. adc_backup_vcap4_en [11] 0 enables adc measurement of vcap4 while in backup mode. adc_wait_vin 8 r/w [15:0] 100 sets the wait time between adc measurement groups while in charging mode. the lsb of this register has a weight of 400us. the adc measures all enabled channels then waits this time before measuring all channels again. the adc data is used for balancing and shunting, increasing this time reduces the shunt and balancer update rate and is not typically recommended if shunting or balancing is enabled. if shunting or measuring capacitance/esr this time may be ignored by the adc. 400us per lsb adc_wait_backup 9 r/w [15:0] 100 sets the wait time between adc measurement groups while in backup mode. the lsb of this register has a weight of 400us. the adc measures all enabled channels then waits this time before measuring all channels again. 400us per lsb gpi_uv_lvl 10 r/w [15:0] 0 general purpose input under voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the gpi pin. if enabled, the gpi pin voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 182.8v per lsb gpi_ov_lvl 11 r/w [15:0] 0 general purpose input over voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the gpi pin. if enabled, the gpi pin voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 182.8v per lsb vin_uv_lvl 12 r/w [15:0] 0 vin under voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the input voltage. if enabled, the input pin voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 2.19mv per lsb vin_ov_lvl 13 r/w [15:0] 0 vin over voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the input voltage. if enabled, the input pin voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 2.19mv per lsb vcap_uv_lvl 14 r/w [15:0] 0 vcap under voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the capacitor stack voltage. if enabled, the vcap pin voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 1.46mv per lsb vcap_ov_lvl 15 r/w [15:0] 0 vcap over voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the capacitor stack voltage. if enabled, the vcap pin voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 1.46mv per lsb lt c3351 3351f 46 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description vout_uv_lvl 16 r/w [15:0] 0 vout under voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the output voltage. if enabled, the vout pin voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 2.19mv per lsb vout_ov_lvl 17 r/w [15:0] 0 vout over voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for the output voltage. if enabled, the vout pin voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 2.19mv per lsb dtemp_cold_lvl 18 r/w [15:0] 0 die temperature cold level: this is an alarm threshold for the die temperature. if enabled, the die temperature falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. temperature = 0.0295c per lsb - 274c dtemp_hot_lvl 19 r/w [15:0] 0 die temperature hot level: this is an alarm threshold for the die temperature. if enabled, the die temperature rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. temperature = 0.0295c per lsb - 274c ichg_uc_lvl 20 r/w [15:0] 0 charge undercurrent level: this is an alarm threshold for the charge current. if enabled, the charge current falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 1.955v/rsnsc per lsb iin_oc_lvl 21 r/w [15:0] 0 input overcurrent level: this is an alarm threshold for the input current. if enabled, the input current rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 1.955v/rsnsi per lsb cap_uv_lvl 22 r/w [15:0] 0 capacitor under voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for each individual capacitor voltage in the stack. if enabled, any capacitor voltage falling below this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 182.8v per lsb. cap_ov_lvl 23 r/w [15:0] 0 capacitor over voltage level: this is an alarm threshold for each individual capacitor in the stack. if enabled, any capacitor voltage rising above this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. 182.8v per lsb cap_lo_lvl 24 r/w [15:0] 0 capacitance low level: this is an alarm threshold for the measured stack capacitance. if the measured stack capacitance is less than this level it will trigger an alarm and an smbalert, if enabled. when ctl_cap_scale is set to 1, capacitance is 3.36f * rt/rtst per lsb. when ctl_cap_scale is set to 0 it is 336f * rt/rtst per lsb. esr_hi_lvl 25 r/w [15:0] 0 esr high level: this is an alarm threshold for the measured stack esr. if enabled, a measurement of stack esr exceeding this level will trigger an alarm and an smbalert. rsnsc/64 per lsb. esr_i_on_settling 26 r/w [15:0] 2 time to allow the charging current to settle before measuring the charge voltage and current for esr. each lsb is 1024 switcher periods. esr_i_off_settling 27 r/w [15:0] 8 time to wait after turning the charge current off before measuring the charge voltage and current for esr. each lsb is 1024 switcher periods. esr_i_override 28 r/w [15:0] 0 this value overrides the LTC3351's adaptive test current selection for the esr test. if this register is non-zero, the lower 8 bits will be used as an 8 bit dac value to set the charge current during the esr test. typically this register will not need to be set. itest = 32mv * (esr_i_override[7:0] + 1) / 256 / rsnsc cap_i_on_settling 29 r/w [15:0] 8 time to wait after turning the test current on before measuring the first voltage of the capacitance measurement. each lsb is 1024 switcher periods. cap_delta_v_setting 30 r/w [15:0] 550 the target delta v for the capacitance test. the scale is 182.8v per lsb. the default is approximately 100mv. lt c3351 3351f 47 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description min_boost_cap_ voltage 31 r/w [15:0] 0 if this register is non-zero, it sets the minimum capacitor voltage the boost will operate at. if any capacitor voltage falls below this value in boost mode the boost will be forced off, the boost will not turn back on even if the capacitor voltage rises above this voltage. only after input power returns will the boost be re-enabled. this prevents the boost from cycling on and off many times once the capacitors' voltage has discharged to the point it can no longer support the system load through the boost. to use this feature vcap[1: num_caps+1] measurements must be enabled in backup mode, see adc_backup_ch_en_reg. also the capacitor voltages are only measured as often as set by adc_wait_backup. min_vout_hs_disable 32 r/w [15:0] 0 if this register is non-zero, it sets the minimum voltage vout is allowed to reach while the hotswap is disabled. if the voltage falls below this level the ctl_hotswap_disable bit will be cleared, re-enabling the hotswap controller. to use this feature the vout measurement must be enabled in boost mode, see adc_backup_ch_en_reg. also the vout voltage is only measured as often as set by adc_wait_backup. alarm_reg 35 r/w [15:0] 0 alarms register: a one in any bit in the register indicates its respective alarm has triggered. all bits are active high. alarms are cleared by clearing (writing 0) the appropriate bit in this register. setting (writing 1) bits has no effect. for example to clear the alarm_gpi_uv alarm, write 0xfffd. alarm_gpi_uv [0] 0 gpi under voltage alarm alarm_gpi_ov [1] 0 gpi over voltage alarm alarm_vin_uv [2] 0 vin under voltage alarm alarm_vin_ov [3] 0 vin over voltage alarm alarm_vcap_uv [4] 0 vcap under voltage alarm alarm_vcap_ov [5] 0 vcap over voltage alarm alarm_vout_uv [6] 0 vout under voltage alarm alarm_vout_ov [7] 0 vout over voltage alarm alarm_dtemp_cold [8] 0 die temperature cold alarm alarm_dtemp_hot [9] 0 die temperature hot alarm alarm_ichg_uc [10] 0 charge undercurrent alarm alarm_iin_oc [11] 0 input overcurrent alarm alarm_cap_uv [12] 0 capacitor under voltage alarm alarm_cap_ov [13] 0 capacitor over voltage alarm alarm_cap_lo [14] 0 capacitance low alarm alarm_esr_hi [15] 0 esr high alarm monitor_status_reg 36 r [15:0] n/a monitor status: this register provides real time status information about the state of the monitoring system. each bit is active high. mon_meas_active [0] n/a capacitance/esr measurement is active. this bit becomes one at the begining of a capacitance/esr measurement and remains 1 after the measurement has completed until the capacitors have been discharged back to their regualtion voltage. mon_capesr_scheduled [1] n/a indicates that the LTC3351 is waiting programmed time to begin a capacitance/ esr measurement mon_capesr_pending [2] n/a indicates that the LTC3351 is waiting for satisfactory conditions to begin a capacitance/esr measurement mon_cap_done [3] n/a indicates that the capacitance measurement has completed mon_esr_done [4] n/a indicates that the esr measurement has completed lt c3351 3351f 48 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description mon_meas_failed [5] n/a indicates the last attempted capacitance and esr measurement was unable to complete mon_boost_shutdown [6] n/a this bit is set in boost mode when any capacitor falls below min_boost_cap_ voltage_reg. it is cleared when power returns. mon_disable_charger [7] n/a indicates the capacitance and esr measurement system has temporarily disabled the charger. mon_cap_meas_active [8] n/a indicates the capacitance and esr measurement system is measuring capacitance. mon_esr_meas_active [9] n/a indicates the capacitance and esr measurement system is measuring esr. mon_power_failed [10] n/a this bit is set when vin is outside the uv/ov range or the hotswap controller is disabled by setting the ctl_hotswap_disable. it is cleared only when mon_power_ returned is set. mon_power_returned [11] n/a this bit is set when the output is powered by the input and the charger is able to charge. it is cleared only when mon_power_failed is set. mon_balancing [12] n/a indicates the LTC3351 is balancing the capacitor voltage. mon_shunting [13] n/a indicates a capacitor voltage is approaching vshunt and a shunt is turned on. mon_cap_precharge [14] n/a indicates the capacitor stack is being precharged for a capacitance measurement. mon_reset [15] n/a this bit is set during a power on reset. it is cleared on any i2c/smbus write. it can be used to determine if the chip has reset during a power loss followed by a power return. meas_gpi 37 r [15:0] n/a measurement of gpi pin voltage. 182.8v per lsb meas_vin 38 r [15:0] n/a measured input voltage. 2.19mv per lsb meas_vcap 39 r [15:0] n/a measured capacitor stack voltage. 1.46mv per lsb. meas_vout 40 r [15:0] n/a measured output voltage. 2.19mv per lsb. meas_dtemp 41 r [15:0] n/a measured die temperature. temperature = 0.0295c per lsb - 274c meas_ichg 42 r [15:0] n/a measured charge current. 1.955v/rsnsc per lsb meas_iin 43 r [15:0] n/a measured input current. 1.955v/rsnsi per lsb lo_vcap 44 r [15:0] n/a the lowest measured capacitor voltage from the last measurement set. hi_vcap 45 r [15:0] n/a the highest measured capacitor voltage from the last measurement set. meas_cap 46 r [15:0] n/a measured capacitor stack capacitance value. when ctl_cap_scale is set to 1, capacitance is 3.36f * rt/rtst per lsb. when ctl_cap_scale is set to 0 it is 336f * rt/rtst per lsb. meas_esr 47 r [15:0] n/a measured capacitor stack equivalent series resistance (esr) value. rsnsc/64 per lsb meas_vcap1 48 r [15:0] n/a measured voltage between the cap1 and caprtn pins. 182.8v per lsb meas_vcap2 49 r [15:0] n/a measured voltage between the cap2 and cap1 pins. 182.8v per lsb meas_vcap3 50 r [15:0] n/a measured voltage between the cap3 and cap2 pins. 182.8v per lsb meas_vcap4 51 r [15:0] n/a measured voltage between the cap4 and cap3 pins. 182.8v per lsb. when the itst current is on, either due to ctl_force_itst_on or during a capacitance measurement, this voltage measurement will temporarily be low due to the itst current flowing in the shunt resistor. cap_m0_vc1 52 r [15:0] n/a the voltage change on cap1 due to the capacitance measurement. the relative voltage change on each capacitor during the capacitance measurement and the total capacitance can be used to calculate the capacitance of each individual capacitor. lt c3351 3351f 49 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description cap_m0_vc2 53 r [15:0] n/a the voltage change on cap2 due to the capacitance measurement. the relative voltage change on each capacitor during the capacitance measurement and the total capacitance can be used to calculate the capacitance of each individual capacitor. cap_m0_vc3 54 r [15:0] n/a the voltage change on cap3 due to the capacitance measurement. the relative voltage change on each capacitor during the capacitance measurement and the total capacitance can be used to calculate the capacitance of each individual capacitor. cap_m0_vc4 55 r [15:0] n/a the voltage change on cap4 due to the capacitance measurement. the relative voltage change on each capacitor during the capacitance measurement and the total capacitance can be used to calculate the capacitance of each individual capacitor. esr_m0_vc1 56 r [15:0] n/a a measurement of vcap1 just before turning current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m0_vc2 57 r [15:0] n/a a measurement of vcap2 just before turning current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m0_vc3 58 r [15:0] n/a a measurement of vcap3 just before turning current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m0_vc4 59 r [15:0] n/a a measurement of vcap4 just before turning current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m1_vc1 60 r [15:0] n/a the first vcap1 voltage measurement with charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m1_vc2 61 r [15:0] n/a the first vcap2 voltage measurement with charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m1_vc3 62 r [15:0] n/a the first vcap3 voltage measurement with charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m1_vc4 63 r [15:0] n/a the first vcap4 voltage measurement with charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m1_i 64 r [15:0] n/a the first charge current measurement with charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m2_vc1 65 r [15:0] n/a the second vcap1 voltage measurement with the charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m2_vc2 66 r [15:0] n/a the second vcap2 voltage measurement with the charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m2_vc3 67 r [15:0] n/a the second vcap3 voltage measurement with the charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m2_vc4 68 r [15:0] n/a the second vcap4 voltage measurement with the charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m2_i 69 r [15:0] n/a the second charge current measurement with charge current on for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m3_vc1 70 r [15:0] n/a the vcap1 voltage measurement with charge current off for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m3_vc2 71 r [15:0] n/a the vca p2 voltage measurement with charge current off for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m3_vc3 72 r [15:0] n/a the vcap3 voltage measurement with charge current off for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m3_vc4 73 r [15:0] n/a the vcap4 voltage measurement with charge current off for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. esr_m3_i 74 r [15:0] n/a the charge current measurement with charge current off for the esr measurement. this value is used by the LTC3351 in the calculation of meas_esr. lt c3351 3351f 50 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 register map symbol name command code access bit range default description rev_code 80 r [15:0] 5 the LTC3351 revision code. next_esr_i 84 r [7:0] 32 the 8 bit dac setting for the charge current that the LTC3351 has calculated for the next esr measurement based on the previous esr measurement. the first esr measurement will use a setting of 32. if esr_i_override is non-zero, this register will be calculated but esr_i_override will be used instead. if non-zero itest = 32mv * (next_esr_i[7:0] + 1) / 256 / rsnsc num_caps 237 r [1:0] 0 number of capacitors. this register shows the state of the cap_slct1, cap_slct0 pins. the value read in this register is the number of capacitors programmed minus one. sys_status 238 r [11:0] n/a system status register: this register provides real time status information about the instantaneous state of the system. each bit is active high. stepdown_mode [0] n/a the synchronous controller is in step-down mode (charging) stepup_mode [1] n/a the synchronous controller is in step-up mode (backup) chrg_cv [2] n/a the charger is in constant voltage mode chrg_uvlo [3] n/a the charger is in under-voltage lockout or has been disabled by ctl_force_charger_off. chrg_input_ilim [4] n/a the charger is in input current limit cappg [5] n/a the capacitor voltage is above power good threshold boost_en [7] n/a indicates the boost is enabled buck_en [8] n/a indicates the charger is enabled chrg_ci [9] n/a indicates the charger is in constant current mode vingd [11] n/a indicates the input voltage is inside the uv/ov range. revision: 149 date: 2017-08-18 15:51:04 -0400 (fri, 18 aug 2017) note: all registers are 16 bits. unused bits not shown above should be written as 0 and ignored when reading lt c3351 3351f 51 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 typical applications 24v input, 18v 36w backup r vin 100 + + + + rg1 10 d1 smbj30a d2 d3 r4 1 r5 1 r6 1 rg2 10 10 d4 d5 vout outfet outfb intv cc drvcc bst tgate sw bgate icap vcap cfp cfn vcapp5 cap4 cap3 cap2 cap1 caprtn capfb lt c3351 3351f mn5 vingd capgd smbale r t scl sda v out 18v 36w in backup cap_slct0 sis434dn cap_slct1 3351 ta02 gnd pgnd gpi vc rt itst cap1-4: nesscap eshsr-0010c0-002r7 l1: coilcraft xal7070-682me d2: pds1040l-13 d3?d5: diodes inc 1n5819hw r pf3 14.3k ov mn2 isnsp_hs isnsp_chg mn1 sis434dn src css c ss 22nf c sis434dn t 33nf ctimer retryb r t r tst vingd cap2 10f l1 r cap2 2.7 cap3 10f r cap3 2.7 cap4 10f r cap4 2.7 10k t 6.8h r snsc 0.005 r 35.7 cap r tn 2.7 r cap1 2.7 mn3 sis434dn r snsi 0.012 r snsh 0.004 l tc3351 isnsm uv v r pf1 665k d b 1n4448hwt c b 0. 1 f c3 in 4.7f c4 0. 1 f c cap 22f 4 r fbc1 v dd 866k r fbc2 118k c f 0. 1 f 220pf c cp5 v 0. 1 f cap1 10f c fbo1 120pf c out2 10f 4 in c out1 33f 2 r fb02 46.4k r fb01 649k r pf3 28k 20v to 30v r3 10k r4 10k c5 1 f 107k c c 1.2nf hs_gate ntc r2 10k r1 10k vcc2p5 capgd smbale r t scl sda 52 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 typical applications 24v input, 12v 36w backup, 6 capacitor stack cp1 8.33f 16.2v ntc r vin 100 + + + + + + rg1 10 r4 1 r5 1 r6 1 rg2 10 d4 d5 r cap4 100k r cap3 100k r cap2 100k r cap1 100k backup_done d1 smbj30a d2 d3 10 vout outfet outfb intv cc drvcc bst tgate sw bgate icap vcap cfp cfn vcapp5 cap4 cap3 cap2 cap1 caprtn capfb lt c3351 3351f mn5 vingd capgd smbale r t scl sda v out 12v 36w in backup cap_slct0 sis434dn cap_slct1 3351 ta03 gnd pgnd gpi vc rt itst cp1: tecate group pbls-8.33/16.2 l1: coilcraft xal7070-682me d2: pds1040l-13 d3?d5: diodes inc 1n5819hw r pf3 11k ov mn2 isnsp_hs isnsp_chg mn1 sis434dn src css c ss 22nf c sis434dn t 33nf ctimer retryb r t r tst vingd mn4 sis434dn l1 6.8h r snsc 35.7 0.005 mn3 sis434dn r snsi 0.012 r snsh 0.004 l tc3351 isnsm uv r pf1 v 665k d b 1n4448hwt c b 0. 1 f c3 4.7f c4 in 0. 1 f c cap 22f 4 r fbc1 1.15m r t1 v dd 10k t r fbc2 100k c f 0. 1 f 220pf c v cp5 0. 1 f c fbo1 120pf c out2 10f 4 in c out1 33f 2 r fb02 73.2k r fb01 665k r pf3 28k 22v to 30v r3 10k r4 10k c5 1 f 107k c c 4.7nf hs_gate ntc r2 10k r1 10k vcc2p5 capgd smbale r t scl sda 53 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 typical applications 12v backup controller with reverse input protection r vin 1k d in bats4 + + + + d1 r gate1 10 r q2 10k d q2 1n4148 q1 2n3904 r gate2 10 r hs_gate 100k r src 100k d2 vout outfet outfb intv cc drvcc bst tgate sw bgate icap vcap cfp cfn vcapp5 cap4 cap3 cap2 cap1 caprtn capfb lt c3351 3351f mn5 capgd smbale r t scl sda pfo capgd smbale r t scl sda v sis438dn out 6v 25w in backup cap_slct0 cap_slct1 3351 ta04 gnd pgnd t gpi vc rt itst mn2 cap1-4: nesscap eshsr-0010c0-002r7 l1: coilcraft xal7030-332me d1: smbj18ca d2: 1n4148 r pf3 33.2k ov isnsp_hs isnsp_chg mn1 sis438dn src bsz060ne2ls css c ss 22nf c t 33nf ctimer retryb r mn4 rt1 1m r rt2 52.3k r t r tst vingd sis438dn cap2 10f r cap2 2.7 cap3 10f r cap3 2.7 cap4 10f r cap4 2.7 l1 3.3h r snsc 35.7 0.006 r cap r tn 2.7 r cap1 2.7 mn3 bsz060ne2ls r snsi 0.008 v l tc3351 isnsm uv r pf1 665k d b 1n4448hwt c in b 0. 1 f c3 4.7f c4 0. 1 f c cap 22f v dd 4 r fbc1 866k r fbc2 118k c f 0. 1 f v c cp5 0. 1 f cap1 10f c fbo1 120pf c out2 2.2f in 2 c out1 47f 2 r fb02 162k r fb01 649k r ?18v to 18v pf3 49.9k r3 10k r4 100k c5 1 f 71.5k c hs_gate c 10nf r t1 100k r2 10k r1 10k vcc2p5 54 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 typical applications 4.8v to 12v 10a supercap charger with 5v 30w backup mode v out r try2 10k r try1 200k r vin 100 + + smaj10a rgate 10 10 vout outfet outfb intv cc drvcc bst tgate sw bgate icap vcap cfp cfn vcapp5 cap4 cap3 cap2 cap1 caprtn capfb lt c3351 3351f mn5 sda pfo capgd smbale r t scl sda v out 5v 5v 30w sis452dn cap_slct0 cap_slct1 3351 ta05 gnd pgnd t gpi vc rt itst cap1-4: nesscap eshsr-0010c0-002r7 l1: coilcra f t xal7030-332me r mn2 pf3 6.04k ov isnsp_hs isnsp_chg mn1 sis452dn src css c sis452dn ss 22nf c t 33nf ctimer retryb r t 88.7k r tst l1 vingd cap2 50f r cap2 2.7 2k 1h r snsc 0.003 r 20 cap r tn 2.7 r cap1 2.7 mn3 sis452dn r snsi 0.005 l tc3351 isnsm v uv r pf1 30.1k d b 1n4448hwt c b 0. 1 f in c3 4.7f c4 0. 1 f c cap 22f 4 r v dd fbc1 866k r fbc2 118k c f 0. 1 f c cp5 v 0. 1 f cap1 50f c fbo1 100pf c out2 2.2f 2 in c out1 100f 6 r fb02 210k r fb01 665k r pf3 4.02k 4.8v to 12v r3 10k r4 100k c5 1 f c c 4.7nf r hs_gate t1 100k r2 10k r1 10k vcc2p5 capgd smbale r t scl 55 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 information furnished by analog devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed by analog devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. specifications subject to change without notice. no license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of analog devices. package description please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LTC3351#packaging for the most recent package drawings. 4.00 0.10 5.60 ref 6.10 0.05 2.64 0.05 7.50 0.05 note: 1. drawing is not a jedec package outline 2. drawing not to scale 3. all dimensions are in millimeters pin 1 top mark (see note 6) 43 1 2 44 bottom view?exposed pad 2.40 ref 3.10 0.05 4.50 0.05 7.00 0.10 5.60 ref 0.75 0.05 0.20 0.05 (uff44) qfn rev 0 0415 0.40 bsc 0.200 ref 0.00 ? 0.05 recommended solder pad layout apply solder mask to areas that are not soldered 2.40 ref 2.64 0.10 0.40 0.10 4. dimensions of exposed pad on bottom of package do not include mold flash. mold flash, if present, shall not exceed 0.20mm on any side 5. exposed pad shall be solder plated 6. shaded area is only a reference for pin 1 location on the top and bottom of package pin 1 notch r = 0.30 typ or 0.35 45 chamfer uff package 44-lead plastic qfn (4mm 7mm) (reference ltc dwg # 05-08-1500 rev ?) 5.64 0.10 0.74 0.10 r = 0.10 typ r = 0.10 typ r = 0.10 typ 0.40 bsc package outline 0.20 0.05 5.64 0.05 0.70 0.05 lt c3351 3351f 56 for more information www.linear.com/LTC3351 www.linear.com/LTC3351 ? analog devices, inc. 2017 lt 1217 ? printed in usa related parts typical application 12v pcle backup controller r vin 100 + + + + d1 smbj18a rgate 10 vout outfet outfb intv cc drvcc bst tgate sw bgate icap vcap cfp cfn vcapp5 cap4 cap3 cap2 cap1 caprtn capfb part number description comments power management ltc3350 bidirectional controller, monitor and powerpath for supercapacitors i charge = 10a+, v in : 4.5v to 35v, v out : 4v to 35v ltc3225 boost charge pump supercapacitor charger i charge = 0.15a, v in : 2.8v to 5.5v, v out : 4.8v to 5.3v ltc3226 boost charge pump and powerpath manager for supercapacitors i charge = 0.33a, v in : 2.5v to 5.5v, v out : 2.5v to 5.5v ltc3625 buck and boost supercapacitor charger i charge = 1a, v in : 2.7v to 5.5v, v out : 4v to 5.3v ltc3355 buck supercapacitor charger and boost backup i charge = 1a, v in : 3v to 20v, v out : 2.7v to 5.5v ltc3110 bidirectional buck-boost and powerpath manager for supercapacitors i charge = 2a, v in : 0.1v to 5.5v, v out : 1.8v to 5.5v ltc3643 bidirectional boost charger/buck backup, electrolytic capacitors i charge = 2a, v in : 3v to 17v, v out : up to 40v ltc4040 buck battery charger and boost backup for li batteries i charge = 2.5a, v in : 2.5v to 5.5v, v out : 3.5v to 5v ltc3128 buck-boost supercapacitor charger i charge = 3a, v in : 1.7v to 5.5v, v out : 1.8v to 5.5v ltc4425 linear/ideal diode supercapacitor charger i charge = 3a, v in : 1.7v to 5.5v, v out : 2.7v to 5.5v ltc4110 bidirectional buck-boost flyback controller i charge = 3a, v in : 4.5v to 19v, v out : 2.7v to 19v lt c3351 3351f mn5 capgd smbale r t scl sda pfo capgd smbale r t scl sda v sis438dn out 6v 25w in backup cap_slct0 cap_slct1 3351 ta06 gnd pgnd t gpi vc rt itst mn2 cap1-4: nesscap eshsr-0010c0-002r7 l1: coilcra f t xal7030-332me r pf3 33.2k ov isnsp_hs isnsp_chg mn1 sis438dn bsz060ne2ls src css c ss 22nf c t 33nf ctimer retryb mn4 r rt1 1m r rt2 52.3k r t r tst sis438dn vingd cap2 10f r cap2 2.7 cap3 10f r cap3 2.7 cap4 10f r cap4 2.7 l1 3.3h r snsc 35.7 0.006 r cap r tn 2.7 r cap1 2.7 mn3 bsz060ne2ls r snsi 0.008 v l tc3351 isnsm uv r pf1 665k d b 1n4448hwt c in b 0. 1 f c3 4.7f c4 0. 1 f c cap 22f v dd 4 r fbc1 866k r fbc2 118k c f 0. 1 f v c cp5 0. 1 f cap1 10f c fbo1 120pf c out2 2.2f in 2 c out1 47f 2 r fb02 162k r fb01 649k r 11v to 18v pf3 49.9k r3 10k r4 100k c5 1 f 71.5k c hs_gate c 10nf r t1 100k r2 10k r1 10k vcc2p5 |
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